The benefits of a strong hypothesis for retrospective research: TABLE 1:

2013 ◽  
Vol 173 (18) ◽  
pp. 447-448
Author(s):  
Tom Harcourt-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Strong Hypothesis

scholarly journals Income Redistribution Predicts Greater Life Satisfaction Across Individual, National, and Cultural Characteristics.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Over Time

The widening income gap between the rich and the poor has important social implications. Governmental-level income redistribution through tax and welfare policies presents an opportunity to reduce income inequality and its negative consequences. The current longitudinal studies examined whether within-region changes in income redistribution over time relate to life satisfaction. Moreover, I examined potential moderators of this relationship to test the strong versus weak hypotheses of income redistribution. The strong hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to most. The weak hypothesis posits that income redistribution is beneficial to some and damaging to others. Using a nationally representative sample of 57,932 German respondents from 16 German states across 30 years (Study 1) and a sample of 112,876 respondents from 33 countries across 24 years (Study 2), I found that within-state and within-nation changes in income redistribution over time were associated with life satisfaction. The models predicted that a 10% reduction in Gini through income redistribution in Germany increased life satisfaction to the same extent as an 37% increase in annual income (Study 1), and a 5% reduction in Gini through income redistribution increased life satisfaction to the same extent as a 11% increase in GDP (Study 2). These associations were positive across individual, national, and cultural characteristics. Increases in income redistribution predicted greater satisfaction for tax-payers and welfare-receivers, for liberals and conservatives, and for the poor and the rich. These findings support the strong hypothesis of income redistribution and suggest that redistribution policies may play an important role in societal well-being.

Introduction: Interface Asymmetries

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Di Sciullo
Keyword(s):  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Interface Conditions ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Structural Relations ◽  
Perceptual Systems

The articles assembled in this issue of the Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique contribute to our understanding of the role of asymmetric relations at the interfaces. Asymmetric relations have privileged status in the syntactic, phonological, and morphological derivation of linguistic expressions (see for example the articles in Di Sciullo 2003).Interfaces are representations that must meet legibility conditions imposed by external systems. According to the Strong Minimalist Thesis (Chomsky 2001), language is an optimal solution to interface conditions, in that language is an optimal way to link sound and meaning. Questions arise regarding the properties of the interface representations that make them optimally legible by external systems. These properties could very well be abstract, and remote from the perceptual systems, and could bear on the form of interface representations, rather than on the interpretation of their parts. A strong hypothesis in this regard is that asymmetric relations are core properties of the relations derived by the grammar (Chomsky 1981, 1995, 2001; Kayne 1994; Moro 2000; Di Sciullo 2005; Zwart 2006). From this perspective, asymmetry is a pervasive property of derivations and interface representations; it is thus expected to be a property of different structural relations, such as the relation between a displaced constituent and its copy, the relation between an anaphor and its antecedent, the relation between a head and its dependent, and more generally, the relation between the constituents of a configuration.

A Limit to the Application of Learning Hierarchies

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard White
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Weak Hypothesis ◽  
Intellectual Skills

Two clarifications of Gagné's model of learning hierarchies are discussed. The first is the distinction between the strong hypothesis that there are essential prerequisites in learning and the weak hypothesis that there are helpful precursors in learning; the second is the division of subject matter into general intellectual skills and individual specific facts termed verbalized knowledge. Evidence is presented supporting the strong hypothesis for intellectual skills only.

scholarly journals Kelvin wake pattern at large Froude numbers

2013 ◽  
Vol 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Darmon ◽  
Michael Benzaquen ◽  
Elie Raphaël
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Wake Region ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Lord Kelvin ◽  
The Waves

AbstractGravity waves generated by an object moving at constant speed at the water surface form a specific pattern commonly known as the Kelvin wake. It was proved by Lord Kelvin that such a wake is delimited by a constant angle ${\simeq }19. 4{7}^{\circ } $. However a recent study by Rabaud and Moisy based on the observation of airborne images showed that the wake angle seems to decrease as the Froude number $Fr$ increases, scaling as $F{r}^{- 1} $ for large Froude numbers. To explain such observations they make the strong hypothesis that an object of size $b$ cannot generate wavelengths larger than $b$. Without the need of such an assumption and modelling the moving object by an axisymmetric pressure field, we analytically show that the angle corresponding to the maximum amplitude of the waves scales as $F{r}^{- 1} $ for large Froude numbers, whereas the angle delimiting the wake region outside which the surface is essentially flat remains constant and equal to the Kelvin angle for all $Fr$.

scholarly journals Novel Age-Dependent Cortico-Subcortical Morphologic Interactions Predict Fluid Intelligence: A Multi-Cohort Geometric Deep Learning Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunan Wu ◽  
Pierre Besson ◽  
Emanuel Azcona ◽  
Sarah Bandt ◽  
Todd Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Strong Hypothesis ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship of human brain structure to cognitive function is complex, and how this relationship differs between childhood and adulthood is poorly understood. One strong hypothesis suggests the cognitive function of Fluid Intelligence (Gf) is dependent on prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. In this work, we developed a novel graph convolutional neural networks (gCNNs) for the analysis of localized anatomic shape and prediction of Gf. Morphologic information of the cortical ribbons and subcortical structures was extracted from T1-weighted MRIs within two independent cohorts, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; age: 9.93 ± 0.62 years) of children and the Human Connectome Project (HCP; age: 28.81 ± 3.70 years). Prediction combining cortical and subcortical surfaces together yielded the highest accuracy of Gf for both ABCD (R = 0.314) and HCP datasets (R = 0.454), outperforming the state-of-the-art prediction of Gf from any other brain measures in the literature. Across both datasets, the morphology of the amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, along with temporal, parietal and cingulate cortex consistently drove the prediction of Gf, suggesting a significant reframing of the relationship between brain morphology and Gf to include systems involved with reward/aversion processing, judgment and decision-making, motivation, and emotion.

scholarly journals Visual SLAM Based on Dynamic Object Removal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoliang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Service Robot ◽  
Visual Slam ◽  
Dynamic Object ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Dynamic Scenes ◽  
The Core ◽  
Localization And Mapping ◽  
Strong Hypothesis

Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is the core of intelligent robot navigation system. Many traditional SLAM algorithms assume that the scene is static. When a dynamic object appears in the environment, the accuracy of visual SLAM can degrade due to the interference of dynamic features of moving objects. This strong hypothesis limits the SLAM applications for service robot or driverless car intherealdynamicenvironment.Inthispaper,adynamicobject removal algorithm that combines object recognition and optical flow techniques is proposed in the visual SLAM framework for dynamic scenes. The experimental results show that our new method can detect moving object effectively and improve the SLAM performance compared to the state of the art methods.<br>

scholarly journals Calquing and Metatypy

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Ross
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contact Phenomenon ◽  
Contact Linguistics ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
Strong Hypothesis

AbstractMetatypy, meaning 'change in type' is a diachronic process in which the syntactic system of one of a bilingual community's languages is restructured so that it more closely resembles the syntax of its speakers' other language. It is thus a language contact phenomenon. In this paper I deconstruct my earlier account of metatypy and show that metatypy is preceded chronologically by lexical and grammatical calquing but is separate from these processes. Thus there are languages which have undergone widespread grammatical calquing but have stopped short of metatypy. The article also examines alternative terms for metatypy and indicates why I believe that the term 'metatypy' is preferable to them and useful for the subdiscipline of contact linguistics. Associated with this is a proposal that contact linguists adopt a strong hypothesis to the effect that bilingual speakers do not copy single constructions from one of their languages to the other on a piecemeal basis but that they always restructure larger systems. This hypothesis is put forward as a basis for research, not as a statement of belief.

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