Retrospective detection by negative contrast electron microscopy of faecal viral particles in free-living wild red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) with suspected enteropathy in Great Britain

2010 ◽  
Vol 167 (26) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Everest ◽  
M. F. Stidworthy ◽  
E. M. Milne ◽  
A. L. Meredith ◽  
J. Chantrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Viral Particles

scholarly journals Causes of mortality and pathological lesions observed post-mortem in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Great Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor R Simpson ◽  
Judith Hargreaves ◽  
Helen M Butler ◽  
Nicholas J Davison ◽  
David J Everest
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Causes Of Mortality

scholarly journals BONE ASSESSMENT OF FREE-LIVING RED SQUIRRELS (SCIURUS VULGARIS) FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa M. Garriga ◽  
Anthony W. Sainsbury ◽  
Allen E. Goodship
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Bone Assessment

scholarly journals ORAL DISEASE IN FREE-LIVING RED SQUIRRELS (SCIURUS VULGARIS) IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Sainsbury ◽  
Amalia Kountouri ◽  
George DuBoulay ◽  
Peter Kertesz
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
The United Kingdom

scholarly journals Mortalities, amyloidosis and other diseases in free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on Jersey, Channel Islands

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 (16) ◽  
pp. 503-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Anne Blackett ◽  
Vic R Simpson ◽  
Sean Haugland ◽  
David J Everest ◽  
Clare F Muir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Hepatic Capillariasis

Between 2007 and 2014, 337 free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on Jersey, Channel Islands, were examined post mortem as part of a mortality and disease surveillance scheme. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were attributable for 50.7 per cent (171/337) of the casualties, 34.4 per cent (116/337) succumbed to diseases including fatal exudative dermatitis (FED), 7.1 per cent (24/337) to predation, 6.5 per cent (22/337) to other trauma and 1.2 per cent (4/337) to suspected poisoning. Cat predation accounted for 5 per cent (17/337) of mortalities. Pathologies were diverse and individual animals were often identified with more than one disease process. Squirrelpox virus (SQPV) particles were not detected in selected cases examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Amyloid was identified in 19.3 per cent (65/337) of squirrels, often in conjunction with inflammatory lesions like hepatic capillariasis. A consistent cause of amyloid accumulation was not identified, although there was a significant association of amyloidosis with hepatic capillariasis and FED. In addition to RTAs, amyloidosis and FED have been identified as important causes of squirrel morbidity and mortality on Jersey, while the underlying aetiology and predisposing factors for these two disease complexes are presently unclear. Disease, fragmented woodlands, an increasingly suburban habitat, along with various anthropogenic factors, may jeopardise the long-term viability of this island red squirrel population.

scholarly journals Tracking viral particles in the intestinal contents of the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, by Transmission Electron Microscopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Antonucci ◽  
M.H. Catroxo ◽  
M. Hipolito ◽  
R.M. Takemoto ◽  
N.A. Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Lithobates Catesbeianus ◽  
American Bullfrog ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Intestinal Contents

Feces are an important viral agent elimination route for infected carrier animals and in aquatic organisms these pathogenic agents can very rapidly propagate due to the habitation environment. The objective of this work is to track viral particles in the intestinal contents of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) from five commercial frog farms in the region of Vale do Paraíba, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using negative contrast transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Coronaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Herpesviridae families were observed and photographed in specimens. This work emphasizes the importance of adopting sanitary measures in commercial farms and confirms that observing feces by TEM is an efficient and rapid diagnostic tool for detecting viral agents.

EVALUATION OF A BACTERIOPHAGE-RELATED CHIMERIC MARINE VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH ABALONE MORTALITY IN TAIWAN

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Hsiu Chen ◽  
I-Wen Chen ◽  
Shu-Ting Kuo ◽  
Wen-Long Hsu ◽  
Pen-Heng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Marine Virus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
Low Rate

In the past few years, a low-rate but persistent mortality was noted in the cultured abalone in the farms. This disease affected abalone reared in the summer, and resulted in an 80% cumulative mortality in the farms. The histopathology revealed various extensive fragmentation, hyaline degeneration and necrosis of the myofibers accompanying with moderate degree of hemocyte infiltration in the foot muscle. A negative-contrast electron microscopy was unable to detect viral particles from pooled tissues. No virions were observed via the electron microscopy using direct negative staining of pooled organs. Moribund abalones were performed DNA extraction, purified and DNA sequencing. These sequenced fragments had 3370/3378 (99%), 5666/5704 (99%) and 5945/5961 (99%) identities to abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus of China isolate. Primer sets designed from the sequences of Taiwan isolate was able to amplify a 693 bp from moribund abalone. In this study, a retrospective study by using PCR revealed that 30% (12/48) of clinical chronic mortality cases had carried bacteriophage-related chimeric marine virus. Tissues from field cases of chronic mortality were applied in in situ hybridization, but without significant signal detected. Thus, etiology of mortality cases remained elusive.

scholarly journals Epidemics of squirrelpox virus disease in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): temporal and serological findings

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. CARROLL ◽  
P. RUSSELL ◽  
J. GURNELL ◽  
P. NETTLETON ◽  
A. W. SAINSBURY
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Squirrelpox Virus

SUMMARYSquirrelpox virus (SQPV) causes a fatal disease in free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) which has contributed to their decline in the United Kingdom. Given the difficulty of carrying out and funding experimental investigations on free-living wild mammals, data collected from closely monitored natural outbreaks of disease is crucial to our understanding of disease epidemiology. A conservation programme was initiated in the 1990s to bolster the population of red squirrels in the coniferous woodland of Thetford Chase, East Anglia. In 1996, 24 red squirrels were reintroduced to Thetford from Northumberland and Cumbria, while in 1999 a captive breeding and release programme commenced, but in both years the success of the projects was hampered by an outbreak of SQPV disease in which seven and four red squirrels died respectively. Valuable information on the host–pathogen dynamics of SQPV disease was gathered by telemetric and mark–recapture monitoring of the red squirrels. SQPV disease characteristics were comparable to other virulent poxviral infections: the incubation period was <15 days; the course of the disease an average of 10 days and younger animals were significantly more susceptible to disease. SQPV disease places the conservation of the red squirrel in jeopardy in the United Kingdom unless practical disease control methods can be identified.

Detection of viruses by electron microscopy: Increased sensitivity by direct micro-ultracentrifugation of samples

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
Alain R. Trudel ◽  
M. Trudel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Latex Spheres ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Size Of Particles

AirfugeR (Beckman) direct ultracentrifugation of viral samples on electron microscopy grids offers a rapid way to concentrate viral particles or subunits and facilitate their detection and study. Using the A-100 fixed angle rotor (30°) with a K factor of 19 at maximum speed (95 000 rpm), samples up to 240 μl can be prepared for electron microscopy observation in a few minutes: observation time is decreased and structural details are highlighted. Using latex spheres to calculate the increase in sensitivity compared to the inverted drop procedure, we obtained a 10 to 40 fold increase in sensitivity depending on the size of particles. This technique also permits quantification of viral particles in samples if an aliquot is mixed with latex spheres of known concentration.Direct ultracentrifugation for electron microscopy can be performed on laboratory samples such as gradient or column fractions, infected cell supernatant, or on clinical samples such as urine, tears, cephalo-rachidian liquid, etc..

Progress in high-resolution CRYO-SEM imaging of viral particles

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 818-819
Author(s):  
Ya Chen ◽  
Geoffrey Letchworth ◽  
John White
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Flexible Structures ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Scanning Electron

Low-temperature high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (cryo-HRSEM) has been successfully utilized to image biological macromolecular complexes at nanometer resolution. Recently, imaging of individual viral particles such as reovirus using cryo-HRSEM or simian virus (SIV) using HRSEM, HV-STEM and AFM have been reported. Although conventional electron microscopy (e.g., negative staining, replica, embedding and section), or cryo-TEM technique are widely used in studying of the architectures of viral particles, scanning electron microscopy presents two major advantages. First, secondary electron signal of SEM represents mostly surface topographic features. The topographic details of a biological assembly can be viewed directly and will not be obscured by signals from the opposite surface or from internal structures. Second, SEM may produce high contrast and signal-to-noise ratio images. As a result of this important feature, it is capable of visualizing not only individual virus particles, but also asymmetric or flexible structures. The 2-3 nm resolution obtained using high resolution cryo-SEM made it possible to provide useful surface structural information of macromolecule complexes within cells and tissues. In this study, cryo-HRSEM is utilized to visualize the distribution of glycoproteins of a herpesvirus.

scholarly journals Identification of Tomato Infecting Viruses That Co-Isolate with Nanovesicles Using a Combined Proteomics and Electron-Microscopic Approach

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1922
Author(s):  
Ramila Mammadova ◽  
Immacolata Fiume ◽  
Ramesh Bokka ◽  
Veronika Kralj-Iglič ◽  
Darja Božič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Viral Particles

Plant-derived nanovesicles (NVs) have attracted interest due to their anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidative properties and their efficient uptake by human intestinal epithelial cells. Previously we showed that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is one of the interesting plant resources from which NVs can be obtained at a high yield. In the course of the isolation of NVs from different batches of tomatoes, using the established differential ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography methods, we occasionally observed the co-isolation of viral particles. Density gradient ultracentrifugation (gUC), using sucrose or iodixanol gradient materials, turned out to be efficient in the separation of NVs from the viral particles. We applied cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the morphological assessment and LC–MS/MS-based proteomics for the protein identification of the gradient fractions. Cryo-TEM showed that a low-density gUC fraction was enriched in membrane-enclosed NVs, while the high-density fractions were rich in rod-shaped objects. Mass spectrometry–based proteomic analysis identified capsid proteins of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tomato mosaic virus and tomato mottle mosaic virus. In another batch of tomatoes, we isolated tomato spotted wilt virus, potato virus Y and southern tomato virus in the vesicle sample. Our results show the frequent co-isolation of plant viruses with NVs and the utility of the combination of cryo-TEM, SEM and proteomics in the detection of possible viral contamination.

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