scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with equine respiratory disease in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana D Fonseca ◽  
Daphne E Mavrides ◽  
Alice L Morgan ◽  
Jea G Na ◽  
Peter A Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
First Choice

IntroductionRespiratory diseases account for the highest number of clinical problems in horses compared with other body systems. While microbiological culture and sensitivity testing is essential for certain cases, knowledge of the most likely bacterial agents and their susceptibilities is necessary to inform empirical antibiotic choices.MethodsA retrospective study of microbiological and cytological results from upper and lower respiratory samples (n=615) processed in a commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out. A further study of lower respiratory samples from horses with clinical signs of lower respiratory disease from May to June 2012 was undertaken.ResultsBoth studies revealed Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella species, Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica as the most frequently isolated species. S equi subspecies zooepidemicus and subspecies equi were susceptible to ceftiofur (100 per cent) and erythromycin (99 per cent). Resistance to penicillin (12.5 per cent of S equi subspecies equi from upper respiratory tract samples) and tetracycline (62.7 per cent) was also detected. Gram-negative isolates showed resistance to gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline but susceptibility to enrofloxacin (except Pseudomonas species, where 46.2 per cent were resistant). Multiple drug resistance was detected in 1 per cent of isolates.ConclusionResistance to first-choice antibiotics in common equine respiratory tract bacteria was noted and warrants continued monitoring of their susceptibility profiles. This can provide information to clinicians about the best empirical antimicrobial choices against certain pathogenic bacteria and help guide antibiotic stewardship efforts to converse their efficacy.

scholarly journals THE PROTECTION AFFORDED BY VACCINATION AGAINST SECONDARY INVADERS DURING COLDS IN INFANCY

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yale Kneeland
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Intensive Course

All intensive course of vaccination with the pathogenic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract modified favorably the winter outbreak of severe respiratory disease in an infant population. The incidence of the common cold was not affected. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Lesions Produced by Feline Picornaviruses of Different Virulence in Pathogen-Free Cats

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Hoover ◽  
D. E. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Kidney Cell ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Sixteen pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to either of two feline picornavirus isolates. The isolates used were picornavirus-255 and kidney-cell-degenerating virus. These viruses were selected to represent picornavirus prototypes of high and low virulence, respectively. Picornavirus-255 consistently produced depression, anorexia, and pneumonia. There were no lesions in the upper respiratory tract or conjunctiva, nor were there clinical signs of upper respiratory disease. The pulmonary lesions began as multifocal exudative pneumonia that progressed rapidly to interstitial pneumonia characterized by marked adenomatoid proliferation of pneumocytes. Three weeks after exposure the pulmonary lesions were principally resolved. It also produced discrete lingual and palatine ulcers that were easily detected. Experimental infection with kidney-cell-degenerating virus resulted only in transient fever and tiny vesicles and ulcerations of the lingual and tonsillar mucosae that could easily escape detection. No significant respiratory lesions were induced by kidney cell degenerating virus.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD: PRESENT UNDERSTANDING AND PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Robert M. Chanock ◽  
Robert H. Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Tract Disease

DURING the past ten years there has been an exponential increase in our understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory disease. Unfortunately development of the means for control of these illnesses has not kept pace with etiologic or epidemiologic understanding. In this presentation an attempt will he made to summarize the role of a number of viruses and mycoplasmas in acute respiratory disease of infancy and childhood. In addition the ecology of such infections will be discussed, particularly those aspects of infection which have relevance to the problem of immunoprophylaxis. Much of the information to be discussed is derived from studies at the Children's Hospital of D.C. and the Junior Village Welfare Nursery of D.C. In many instances similar findings have been reported from other localities so that the conclusions which can be drawn from the Washington, D.C., studies would appear to have more than local significance. Since the Washington D.C., studies represent the longest continuous inquiry into the nature of acute pediatric respiratory disease primary emphasis will be placed on the interpretation of these findings. Bacteria Although group A beta hemolytic streptococci play an important role in upper respiratory tract disease it would appear that these organisms are relatively unimportant in the more serious types of illness in which lower respiratory tract involvement occurs. The careful studies of Babe, Beem, and co-workers indicate that pathogenic bacteria are not important primary etiologic agents in lower respiratory tract disease of infancy and childhood. For this reason major emphasis in this presentation will be given to the role of viruses and mycoplasmas in respiratory disease.

scholarly journals Replication and Transmission of the Novel Bovine Influenza D Virus in a Guinea Pig Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 11990-12001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chithra Sreenivasan ◽  
Milton Thomas ◽  
Zizhang Sheng ◽  
Ben M. Hause ◽  
Emily A. Collin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Sentinel Animals

ABSTRACTInfluenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine FLUDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine FLUDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine FLUDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine FLUDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel emerging pathogen with bovine as its primary host. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of the virus are not yet known. FLUDV also spreads to swine, and the presence of FLUDV-specific antibodies in humans could indicate that there is a potential for zoonosis. Our results showed that bovine FLUDV replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of guinea pigs at high titers and was also able to transmit from an infected animal to sentinel animals by contact. The fact that bovine FLUDV replicated productively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of guinea pigs, similarly to virus infection in its native host, demonstrates that guinea pigs would be a suitable model host to study the replication and transmission potential of bovine FLUDV.

scholarly journals Assessing the effect of meteorological factors on daily children’s respiratory disease hospitalizations: a retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfang Guo ◽  
Letai Yi ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Baojun Wang ◽  
Minhui Li
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Peak Value

Abstract Background Some previous studies have examined the effects of temperature, humidity, wind speed and atmospheric pressure on children morbidity, but few studies have evaluated health effects of combined effect of various meteorological factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of daily changes in meteorological factors and their comprehensive effects on children’s respiratory disease hospitalizations for different ages, genders and subtypes in Baotou, China. Methods Generalized additive models and distributed lag non-linear models were constructed to simultaneously assess the exposure–response associations between daily admission counts of children with respiratory diseases and daily net effective temperature and other meteorological factors as well as their lag dependencies. Results In general, the cumulative meteorological factors had greater effects on lower respiratory tract infections than upper respiratory tract infections (RR: temperature [4.2 vs. 2.7]; wind speed [3.1 vs. 2.5]; humidity [1.8 vs. 1.3]). The effects on children over 3 years old were greater than those on children aged 0–3 years (OR: temperature [4.4 vs. 1.3]; wind speed [4.4 vs. 1.5]), while the effects on female children were greater than those on male children (OR: temperature [2.6 vs. 1.8]; wind speed [3.3 vs. 1.6]). However, some differences were observed between groups with regard to the effect of humidity. Hence, the net effective temperature was calculated using comprehensive meteorological factors, and the influence range value and peak value of each group were determined. Conclusions The influence of meteorological factors on children’s respiratory disease hospitalizations shows different characteristics in different subgroups. Hence, the net effective temperature was calculated using the comprehensive meteorological factors, and the influence range and peak value of each group were determined so as to recommend the corresponding measures accordingly.

scholarly journals An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy Eckstrand ◽  
Tom Baldwin ◽  
Mia Kim Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Kerry A Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The breadth of animal hosts that are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may serve as reservoirs for continued viral transmission are not known entirely. In August 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in multiple mink farms in Utah and was associated with high mink mortality and rapid viral transmission between animals. The outbreak's epidemiology, pathology, molecular characterization, and tissue distribution of virus within infected mink is provided. Infection of mink was likely by reverse zoonosis. Once established, infection spread rapidly between independently housed animals and farms, and caused severe respiratory disease and death. Clinical signs were most notably sudden death, anorexia, and increased respiratory effort. Gross pathology examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically there was pulmonary edema with moderate vasculitis, perivasculitis, and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in multiple organs including nasal turbinates, lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, epithelial surfaces, and others. Whole genome sequencing from multiple mink was consistent with published SARS-CoV-2 genomes with few polymorphisms. The Utah mink SARS-CoV-2 strain fell into Clade GH, which is unique among mink and other animal strains sequenced to date and did not share other spike RBD mutations Y453F and F486L found in mink. Localization of viral RNA by in situ hybridization revealed a more localized infection, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. Mink in the outbreak reported herein had high levels of virus in the upper respiratory tract associated with mink-to-mink transmission in a confined housing environment and were particularly susceptible to disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Role of the Dermonecrotic Toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Disease in Swine

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Brockmeier ◽  
Karen B. Register ◽  
Tibor Magyar ◽  
Alistair J. Lax ◽  
Gillian D. Pullinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dermonecrotic Toxin ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

ABSTRACT Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the etiologic agents causing atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. It produces several purported virulence factors, including the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), which has been implicated in the turbinate atrophy seen in cases of atrophic rhinitis. The purpose of these experiments was to clarify the role of this toxin in respiratory disease by comparing the pathogenicity in swine of two isogenic dnt mutants to their virulent DNT+ parent strains. Two separate experiments were performed, one with each of the mutant-parent pairs. One-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intranasally with the parent strain, the dnt mutant strain, or phosphate-buffered saline. Weekly nasal washes were performed to monitor colonization of the nasal cavity, and the pigs were euthanized 4 weeks after inoculation to determine colonization of tissues and to examine the respiratory tract for pathology. There was evidence that colonization of the upper respiratory tract, but not the lower respiratory tract, was slightly greater for the parent strains than for the dnt mutants. Moderate turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia were found in most pigs given the parent strains, while there was no turbinate atrophy or pneumonia in pigs challenged with the dnt mutant strains. Therefore, production of DNT by B. bronchiseptica is necessary to produce the lesions of turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia in pigs infected with this organism.

scholarly journals Effects of famciclovir in cats with spontaneous acute upper respiratory tract disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-499
Author(s):  
Lucy Kopecny ◽  
David J Maggs ◽  
Christian M Leutenegger ◽  
Lynelle R Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Study Entry ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Tract Disease ◽  
Group D

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effects of famciclovir administration in cats with spontaneously acquired acute upper respiratory tract disease. Methods Twenty-four kittens with clinical signs of acute upper respiratory tract disease were randomly allocated to receive doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h) alone (group D; n = 12) or with famciclovir (90 mg/kg PO q12h; group DF; n = 12) for up to 3 weeks. Clinical disease severity was scored at study entry and daily thereafter. Oculo-oropharyngeal swabs collected at study entry and exit were assessed using quantitative PCR for nucleic acids of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), Chlamydia felis, Bordetella bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma felis. Results The median (range) age of cats was 1.5 (1–6) months in group D vs 1.6 (1–5) months in group DF ( P = 0.54). Pathogens detected in oculo-oropharyngeal swabs at study entry included FCV (n = 13/24; 54%), M felis (n = 8/24; 33%), FHV-1 (n = 7/24; 29 %), C felis (n = 7/24; 29%) and B bronchiseptica (n = 3/24; 12%). Median (range) duration of clinical signs was 11.5 (3–21) days in group DF and 11 (3–21) days in group D ( P = 0.75). Median (range) total disease score at the end of the study did not differ between groups (group D 1 [1–1] vs group DF 1 [1–3]; P = 0.08). Conclusions and relevance This study revealed no significant difference in response to therapy between cats treated with doxycycline alone or with famciclovir; cats improved rapidly in both groups. However, identification of FHV-1 DNA was relatively uncommon in this study and clinical trials focused on FHV-1-infected cats are warranted to better evaluate famciclovir efficacy.

scholarly journals Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: Myths and Facts

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 02) ◽  
pp. S54-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Wook Yun ◽  
Rebecca Wallihan ◽  
Alexis Juergensen ◽  
Asuncion Mejias ◽  
Octavio Ramilo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

AbstractCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death in children < 5 years of age worldwide. It is also one of the most frequent infectious diseases in children, leading to large antibiotic use and hospitalization even in the industrialized countries. However, the optimal management of CAP in children is still not well defined. Currently, respiratory viruses are considered the most frequent etiologic agents, but detection of viruses in the upper respiratory tract does not guarantee causation of pneumonia, nor precludes the presence of a bacterial pathogen. In both the upper and lower respiratory tract, respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria interact. Emerging evidence indicates that dual viral–bacterial infections function synergistically in many cases and together likely enhance the severity of CAP. Therefore, new and advanced technologies capable of sensitively and specifically discriminating viral, bacterial, and viral–bacterial coinfections are needed. Instead of focusing on the pathogen, analysis of host immune transcriptome profiles from children with CAP can potentially offer diagnostic signatures, help to assess disease severity, and eventually, prognostic indicators. An optimized management strategy by using molecular pathogen testing and transcriptome profiling will facilitate prompt, more appropriate, and targeted therapies, which in turn will lead to improved clinical outcomes in children with CAP.

Sinusitis in Infants and Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maxillary Sinusitis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The major clinical problem in considering a diagnosis of sinusitis is differentiating uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection from a secondary bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses that may benefit from antimicrobial therapy. A diagnosis of sinusitis is suggested by presentation with protracted upper respiratory tract symptoms or a cold that is more severe than usual with fever and purulent nasal discharge. Confirmatory tests of sinus disease are transillumination (useful in adolescents if interpretation is confined to the extremes — normal or absent); radiographic findings of opacification, mucous membrane thickening, or an air-fluid level; and sinus aspiration (indicated for severe pain, clinical failures, or complicated disease). When clinical signs and symptoms are accompanied by abnormal radiographic findings, bacteria in high colony count are recovered from the maxillary sinus aspirate in 70% of patients. The common bacterial species recovered from children with acute maxillary sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and Hemophilus influenzae.

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