scholarly journals Canine collars: an investigation of collar type and the forces applied to a simulated neck model

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. e52-e52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Carter ◽  
Donal McNally ◽  
Amanda Roshier
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Plastic Cylinder

BackgroundDog collars have the potential to cause harm when the dog pulls on the lead. This study aimed to determine the effects of collar type and force applied using the lead on the pressure on a simulated neck model.MethodsSeven collars and a slip lead were tested on a canine neck model. This consisted of a plastic cylinder ‘neck’, with a pressure sensor beneath the collar. A range of forces were applied to the lead representing different interactions: firm pull (40 N), strong pull (70 N) and jerk (mean force 141 N). Contact area of the collar and pressure on the neck were recorded.ResultsCollars exerted a pressure of between 83 kPa and 832 kPa on the model neck. There was a significant effect of collar type (F(7)=25.69, P<0.001) and force applied (F(2)=42.60, P<0.001) on the pressure exerted on the neck. Collar type (χ(7)=64.94, P<0.001), but not force applied (χ(2)=3.20, P=0.202), affected the contact area that the pressure was exerted over.ConclusionVariation in the pressures exerted on the neck may have implications on comfort and the potential to cause injury. No single collar tested provided a pressure considered low enough to mitigate the risk of injury when pulling on the lead.

scholarly journals Computer Foot

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0050
Author(s):  
Robert Vander Griend
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
College Professor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Foot Position

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Metatarsalgia can result from both intrinsic and extrinsic causes of increased plantar pressure. The index patient in this study was a college professor with bilateral metarsalgia (and failed Morton’s neuroma surgeries). In clinic he was noted to be sitting with both feet positioned under his chair (Figure shows example of this position). He indicated that he sat in this position while using his computer for several hours at a time. He was counseled to sit with his feet flat and subsequently noted much improvement in his symptoms. Other patients were then noted to have metatarsalgia and similar computer use foot positions prompting this evaluation of forefoot plantar pressures in this sitting position. Methods: Fifteen patients (eight with computer foot and seven without) were seated in a chair that they could adjust to their normal sitting position. The patients wore socks of their choice but not shoes to avoid loading differences resulting from different types foot wear. A plexiglass plate portable pressure sensor was placed ln the floor. The pressure and contact area was measured for each foot with the foot flat and then the foot positioned with the foot directly under the edge of the chair. Results: The plantar pressures in the seated foot flat position ranged from 8-18 kg (some correlation with leg size/weight and self selected chair height). This pressure was fairly evenly distributed across the entire plantar foot. There were no right-left foot differences. The plantar pressures in the computer foot position (foot directly under the edge of the chair) increased by 40-60% while the contact area decreased by 50% or more. Positioning the foot as far under the chair as possible increased the pressures by an additional 10+%. Conclusion: Foot position while seated can result in increased loads on the plantar forefoot. Maintaining this position for long periods of time-as when working on a computer-can contribute to metatarsalgia . While rarely the only cause of metatarsalgia we have found that about 1/4 of patients with forefoot symptoms do acknowledge that they sit for periods of time in the computer foot position. Change in foot position commonly improves their foot symptoms

Visualization of wheel-rail contact area of running vehicle using film sensor

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440972110418
Author(s):  
Shinya Fukagai ◽  
Takashi Toyama ◽  
Takayuki Tanaka ◽  
Masahito Kuzuta ◽  
Hisayo Doi
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Dynamic Contact ◽  
Contact Condition ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
Contact Position

Proper evaluation of the wheel-rail contact is necessary to understand the dynamics of railway vehicles and the causes of wear and damage to components such as wheels and rails. Numerical methods are often used to evaluate the dynamic contact condition between the wheel and rail; however, there are few promising methods for experimental evaluation. It is important to develop a measurement method because the wheel-rail contact is easily changed owing to vehicle-track dynamic interactions. In this study, we used a film-based pressure sensor equipped with force-sensitive resistors to measure the contact area between the wheel and rail during vehicle operation. Using the film-based pressure sensor, we evaluated the geometry of the contact area and position. The validity of the measured contact position is evaluated by comparing it with the contact position based on the cross-sectional profiles of the wheel and rail and the wheelset displacement during a vehicle running.

Load-Bearing in the Ovine Medial Tibial Condyle: Effect of Meniscectomy

1993 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Pickles ◽  
C. R. Bellenger
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Human Knee ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Medial Meniscectomy ◽  
Tibial Condyle

SummaryTotal removal of a knee joint meniscus is followed by osteoarthritis in many mammalian species. Altered load-bearing has been observed in the human knee following meniscectomy but less is known about biochemical effects of meniscectomy in other species. Using pressure sensitive paper in sheep knee (stifle) joints it was found that, for comparable loads, the load-bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was significantly reduced following medial meniscectomy. Also, for loads of between 50 N and 500 N applied to the whole joint, the slope of the regression of contact area against load was much smaller. Following medial meniscectomy, the ability to increase contact area as load increased was markedly reduced.The load bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was reduced following meniscectomy.

Noninvasive Monitoring of Arterial Viscoelastic Indices Using a Foil-type Pressure Sensor

2011 ◽  
Vol 131 (9) ◽  
pp. 1518-1527
Author(s):  
Hiromi Maruyama ◽  
Harutoyo Hirano ◽  
Abdugheni Kutluk ◽  
Toshio Tsuji ◽  
Osamu Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Noninvasive Monitoring ◽  
Type Pressure

Pressure Sensor Monolithically Integrating MEMS and CMOS-LSI with CMOS Compatible “Back-end-of-line MEMS processes”

2010 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Fujimori ◽  
Hideaki Takano ◽  
Yuko Hanaoka ◽  
Yasushi Goto
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Cmos Compatible

Metal Strain Gauge Pressure Sensor Using SiO2/Si3N4 Diaphragm

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nakano ◽  
Masahiro Matsumoto ◽  
Yasuo Onose ◽  
Kazuhiro Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Gauge Pressure ◽  
Metal Strain

An Analytical Thermodynamic Approach to Friction of Rubber on Ice

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-150
Author(s):  
Klaus Wiese ◽  
Thiemo M. Kessel ◽  
Reinhard Mundl ◽  
Burkhard Wies
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Analytical Approximation ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Ice Surface

ABSTRACT The presented investigation is motivated by the need for performance improvement in winter tires, based on the idea of innovative “functional” surfaces. Current tread design features focus on macroscopic length scales. The potential of microscopic surface effects for friction on wintery roads has not been considered extensively yet. We limit our considerations to length scales for which rubber is rough, in contrast to a perfectly smooth ice surface. Therefore we assume that the only source of frictional forces is the viscosity of a sheared intermediate thin liquid layer of melted ice. Rubber hysteresis and adhesion effects are considered to be negligible. The height of the liquid layer is driven by an equilibrium between the heat built up by viscous friction, energy consumption for phase transition between ice and water, and heat flow into the cold underlying ice. In addition, the microscopic “squeeze-out” phenomena of melted water resulting from rubber asperities are also taken into consideration. The size and microscopic real contact area of these asperities are derived from roughness parameters of the free rubber surface using Greenwood-Williamson contact theory and compared with the measured real contact area. The derived one-dimensional differential equation for the height of an averaged liquid layer is solved for stationary sliding by a piecewise analytical approximation. The frictional shear forces are deduced and integrated over the whole macroscopic contact area to result in a global coefficient of friction. The boundary condition at the leading edge of the contact area is prescribed by the height of a “quasi-liquid layer,” which already exists on the “free” ice surface. It turns out that this approach meets the measured coefficient of friction in the laboratory. More precisely, the calculated dependencies of the friction coefficient on ice temperature, sliding speed, and contact pressure are confirmed by measurements of a simple rubber block sample on artificial ice in the laboratory.

Measurement and Visualization of the Contact Pressure Distribution of Rubber Disks and Tires

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
High Definition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract The contact conditions of a tire with the road surface have a close relationship to various properties of the tire and are among the most important characteristics in evaluating the performance of the tire. In this research, a new measurement device was developed that allows the contact stress distribution to be quantified and visualized. The measuring principle of this device is that the light absorption at the interface between an optical prism and an evenly ground or worn rubber surface is a function of contact pressure. The light absorption can be measured at a number of points on the surface to obtain the pressure distribution. Using this device, the contact pressure distribution of a rubber disk loaded against a plate was measured. It was found that the pressure distribution was not flat but varied greatly depending upon the height and diameter of the rubber disk. The variation can be explained by a “spring” effect, a “liquid” effect, and an “edge” effect of the rubber disk. Next, the measurement and image processing techniques were applied to a loaded tire. A very high definition image was obtained that displayed the true contact area, the shape of the area, and the pressure distribution from which irregular wear was easily detected. Finally, the deformation of the contact area and changes in the pressure distribution in the tread rubber block were measured when a lateral force was applied to the loaded tire.

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