Correlation of avian bornavirus-specific antibodies and viral ribonucleic acid shedding with neurological signs and feather-damaging behaviour in psittacine birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (15) ◽  
pp. 476-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Fluck ◽  
Dirk Enderlein ◽  
Anne Piepenbring ◽  
Ursula Heffels-Redmann ◽  
Sybille Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
First Time ◽  
Proventricular Dilatation Disease

Parrot bornaviruses (PaBV) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease in psittacine birds, but have also been linked to other clinical signs, including behavioural disorders and neurological signs. The aim of this study was to correlate PaBV infection in birds showing feather-damaging behaviour or neurological signs for which no other cause of disease could be identified. Psittacine birds presented to a private practice were divided into three groups: birds with neurological signs (n=28), birds showing feather-damaging behaviour (n=42) and birds presented for routine examinations (n=56). Swabs of crop and cloaca were collected and investigated for the presence of PaBV-RNA using real time RT-PCR. Additionally, serum samples were taken and examined for the presence of anti-PaBV antibodies by immunofluorescence test. PaBV infection was detected in one of the test systems in 40.5 per cent of all birds (n=126) investigated. In the clinically healthy birds (n=56), 19.6 per cent of the birds were positive in at least one of the PaBV tests, compared with 52.38 per cent of the feather-damaging (n=42) and 64.28 per cent of the neurologically diseased birds (n=28). Interestingly, the anti-PaBV antibody titres in birds with neurological signs were highest up to 1:20 480. High antibody titres (up to 1:5120) were also found in the feather-damaging group, whereas the birds of the control group, if PaBV positive, had only very low titres. Similarly, the highest viral load was found in the group of the neurologically diseased birds, followed by feather-damaging birds, whereas PaBV-positive birds in the control group demonstrated only low viral RNA shedding. A clear correlation between severity of clinical signs, amount of viral shedding and high levels of antibody titres was observed for most of the neurologically diseased birds and also for few birds with feather-damaging behaviour. For the first time, these results clearly indicate a correlation between PaBV infection and neurological signs in birds without gastrointestinal signs presented to the veterinarian in practice. It also may demonstrate a possible correlation with feather-damaging behaviour and anti-PaBV antibody presence. The antibody titre seems to represent a diagnostic tool to correlate clinical signs to PaBV as a cause.

scholarly journals Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) Vaccines Efficiently Protect Cockatiels Against Parrot Bornavirus Infection and Proventricular Dilatation Disease

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Rall ◽  
Ralf Amann ◽  
Sara Malberg ◽  
Christiane Herden ◽  
Dennis Rubbenstroth
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Unvaccinated Control ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Proventricular Dilatation Disease

Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a chronic and often fatal neurologic disorder in Psittaciformes. The disease is widely distributed in private parrot collections and threatens breeding populations of endangered species. Thus, immunoprophylaxis strategies are urgently needed. In previous studies we demonstrated a prime-boost vaccination regime using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) constructs expressing the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein of PaBV-4 (MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4, respectively) to protect cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) against experimental challenge infection. Here we investigated the protective effect provided by repeated immunization with either MVA/PaBV-4, NDV/PaBV-4 or Orf virus constructs (ORFV/PaBV-4) individually. While MVA/PaBV-4-vaccinated cockatiels were completely protected against subsequent PaBV-2 challenge infection and PDD-associated lesions, the course of the challenge infection in NDV/PaBV-4- or ORFV/PaBV-4-vaccinated birds did not differ from the unvaccinated control group. We further investigated the effect of vaccination on persistently PaBV-4-infected cockatiels. Remarkably, subsequent immunization with MVA/PaBV-4 and NDV/PaBV-4 neither induced obvious immunopathogenesis exacerbating the disease nor reduced viral loads in the infected birds. In summary, we demonstrated that vaccination with MVA/PaBV-4 alone is sufficient to efficiently prevent PaBV-2 challenge infection in cockatiels, providing a suitable vaccine candidate against avian bornavirus infection and bornavirus-induced PDD.

scholarly journals Botulism (type A) in a horse - case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevim Kasap ◽  
Hasan Batmaz ◽  
Meric Kocaturk ◽  
Frank Gessler ◽  
Serkan Catık ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Type A ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Thoroughbred Horse ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
First Time ◽  
Colonic Content

This paper presents the case of a six year-old, male, thoroughbred horse with clinical signs of inappetence, weakness, and incoordination when walking. Clinical examination showed that the horse staggered and leaned to the left side. Feedstuff was present inside and around its mouth. Salivation was increased and there was no reflex at the palpebrae and tongue. The horse had difficulty swallowing and the tone of its tail was reduced. Botulism was diagnosed based on the clinical signs. Antibiotic (ceftiofur) and fluid-electrolyte treatment was commenced. Next day, neostigmin was added to the horse’s treatment, and it became recumbent. The horse’s palpebral, tongue and tail reflexes returned partially after neostigmine methylsulphate treatment on the same day and it stood up on day four. However, it could not swallow anything during the whole week, so after getting permission from the owner, the horse was euthanized on day 10. Samples of the colonic content and blood serum were sent by courier to the laboratory for toxin neutralization, however, botulinum neurotoxins could not be detected. After that, serum samples from days 6 and 10 were sent to another laboratory for testing for botulinum neurotoxin antibodies by ELISA. Specific antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin type A were measured, indicating a previous, immuno-relevant contact with the toxin. This seroconversion for type A supports the clinical botulism diagnosis. Type A botulism is rarely seen in Europe and has been detected in a horse in Turkey for the first time.

scholarly journals Investigations on the incidence of rinderpest virus infection in game animals of N. Tanganyika and S. Kenya 1960/63

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Plowright ◽  
B. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Connochaetes Taurinus ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Game Animals

The incidence of rinderpest infection in game animals in selected localities of South Kenya and North Tanganyika was studied during the period 1960 to 1963. Serum samples from 590 wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), 48 eland (Taurotragus oryx), 65 Thompson's gazelle (Gazella thompsoni) and 39 Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti) were tested for rinderpest neutralizing antibody.Rinderpest infection was shown to have been very frequent in yearling wilde-beest in the Mara area of Kenya in 1959/60, in the Serengeti National Park of Tanganyika in late 1960 and also in the Serengeti, and some adjacent areas, during the latter half of 1961. In the Ngorongoro Crater in 1961 infection was far less widespread, with only 11% of the yearlings acquiring antibody, compared to 67% in the Serengeti. The infections in 1959 and 1960 were clinical epizootics, accompanied by a considerable mortality, whereas no overt disease was reported in the course of 1961. Eland were affected in a similar manner to wildebeest up to 1960 but only a low rate of serological conversion was demonstrated in 1961. Adult Thompson's gazelle showed a low rate (ca. 12%) of infection but no anti-body was detected in Grant's gazelle.Only a small proportion of the wildebeest calves born in early 1962 acquired antibody by mid-1963 and this was due, at least in part, to infection late in 1962; it was not clear, unfortunately, whether the positive animals belonged entirely to resident, as opposed to migratory, groups. No clinical signs or mortality were reported in this year.A low incidence of rinderpest infection in wildebeest was also demonstrated both before and after 1960 in the Kajiado district of Kenya, where disease of game has not been reported in recent years. It is possible that the positive animals, as also the 1962 cases in Tanganyika, acquired the virus from low-grade infections of cattle.The transmission of rinderpest antibody from wildebeest dam to calf, presumably via the colostrum, was demonstrated regularly, except in six calves about 1–2 weeks old. No completely satisfactory explanation was obtained for their failure to acquire passive antibody but it may have been due to abnormal disturbance in the herds, associated with the shooting. The antibody titres in calves were initially higher than those in the serum of their dams but by the end of the 3rd month this position had been reversed. Individual calves became serologically negative from about the 10th week of life and all were devoid of antibody by the 6th to 7th month. The half-life of passively-acquired antibody was 4·4 weeks.

scholarly journals Are anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with proventricular dilatation disease in birds?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeann Leal de Araujo ◽  
Ian Tizard ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
J Jill Heatley ◽  
Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Brain Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myiopsitta Monachus ◽  
Ganglioside Antibodies ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Proventricular Dilatation Disease ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

The identification of Parrot bornaviruses in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) has not been sufficient to explain the pathogenesis of this fatal disease since not all infected birds develop clinical signs. One hypothesis suggests that PaBV could trigger the production of autoantibodies targeting neuronal gangliosides. These are major neuronal antigens, and PDD might therefore resemble Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in its pathogenesis. Experimental inoculation of pure gangliosides and brain-derived ganglioside extracts were used in two different immunization studies. A preliminary study on seven healthy chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) was performed using a group of four chickens inoculated with a brain ganglioside extract in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and a control group comprised by three chickens inoculated only with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A second study with five healthy quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) was comprised of three groups. Two quaker parrots received purified gangliosides in FCA, two received a crude brain extract in FCA, and one control quaker parrot received FCA alone. In the preliminary study, one chicken developed ataxia and weakness. None of the quaker parrots had any clinical signs that could resemble PDD or GBS. None of the chickens or quaker parrots presented any gross lesions. The chicken with clinical signs had a perivascular and perineural lymphocytic infiltrate in the proventriculus. Two of the quaker parrots (one from each treatment group) developed mild lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis and myelitis. Our results suggest that autoantibodies against gangliosides in birds are not associated with a condition resembling PDD.

scholarly journals An outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 9 in Southern Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Listeš ◽  
Sanja Bosnić ◽  
Miroslav Benić ◽  
Josip Madić ◽  
Željko Cvetnić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Serum Neutralization Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

The aim of this study was to provide a description of the first epidemic of bluetongue and the first survey on midges of the genus Culicoides in Croatia. Clinical signs were firstly observed on November 2001 in sheep in Konavle, Dubrovnik – Neretva County. During this epizootic the overall sheep morbidity and mortality were 5.2% (95% confidence interval (c.i.), 4.1-6.6%) and 2.29% (95% c.i., 1.6-3.3%), respectively. After the outbreak, 3,318 serum samples of ruminants from 53 villages of the Dubrovnik – Neretva County were examined for bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). In forty nine (92.45%, 95% c.i., 82.11-96.92%) of the 53 villages, animals with antibodies against bluetongue virus were found. In particular, a total of 178 cattle (49.86%, 95% c.i., 44.7-55.0%), 174 sheep (13.72%, 95% c.i., 11.9-15.7%) and 270 goats (15.95%, 95% c.i., 14.3-17.8%) were seropositive. Antibodies to bluetongue virus serotype 9 were detected in 212 positive sera by serum neutralization test. The percentage of positive animals decreased (P > 0.05) from the east to the west suggesting a possible east westward spreading of BTV infection. Fourteen light-trap midge collections from seven different sites were examined. Of the 4872 Culicoides spp. collected, 4,492 (92%, 95% c.i., 91.4-92.9%) of them belonged to the species of Obsoletus complex. This study showed for the first time that a pathogenic strain of BTV-9, probably from Montenegro, entered Croatia causing disease and death in local sheep and that C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were likely the major vectors of infection.

scholarly journals Poultry in Poland as Chlamydiaceae carrier

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska ◽  
Agata Mitura ◽  
Kinga Zaręba ◽  
Christiane Schnee ◽  
Andrzej Koncicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Strain Isolation ◽  
Variable Domains ◽  
First Time ◽  
Apparently Healthy

AbstractIntroduction: The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Chlamydia spp. in poultry in Poland and estimate possible transmission to humans.Material and Methods: Molecular diagnostic methods followed by sequencing and strain isolation were used on cloacal/faecal swabs collected from 182 apparently healthy poultry flocks including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Serum samples obtained from people exposed (study group) and non-exposed (control group) to birds were tested by complement fixation test to acquire data on Chlamydia spp. antibody level.Results: Overall, 15.9% of the tested flocks were Chlamydiaceae-positive and three Chlamydia spp. were identified. Predominant chlamydial agent found was C. gallinacea occurring in 65.5% of all positive poultry flocks and in 73.0% of positive chicken flocks. The sequences from four chicken flocks were assigned to C. abortus, whereas C. psittaci was confirmed in one duck and one goose flock. The analysis of ompA variable domains revealed at least nine genetic variants of C. gallinacea. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in 19.2% of human serum samples in the study group in comparison with 10.8% in the controls.Conclusion: The obtained results confirm that chlamydiae are common among chicken flocks in Poland with C. gallinacea as a dominant species. Moreover, the presence of C. abortus in chickens is reported here for the first time. Further investigation should focus on possible zoonotic transmission of C. gallinacea and C. abortus as well as potential pathogenic effects on birds’ health and poultry production.

scholarly journals Are anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with proventricular dilatation disease in birds?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeann Leal de Araujo ◽  
Ian Tizard ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
J Jill Heatley ◽  
Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Brain Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Myiopsitta Monachus ◽  
Ganglioside Antibodies ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Proventricular Dilatation Disease ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

The identification of Parrot bornaviruses in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) has not been sufficient to explain the pathogenesis of this fatal disease since not all infected birds develop clinical signs. One hypothesis suggests that PaBV could trigger the production of autoantibodies targeting neuronal gangliosides. These are major neuronal antigens, and PDD might therefore resemble Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in its pathogenesis. Experimental inoculation of pure gangliosides and brain-derived ganglioside extracts were used in two different immunization studies. A preliminary study on seven healthy chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) was performed using a group of four chickens inoculated with a brain ganglioside extract in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and a control group comprised by three chickens inoculated only with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A second study with five healthy quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) was comprised of three groups. Two quaker parrots received purified gangliosides in FCA, two received a crude brain extract in FCA, and one control quaker parrot received FCA alone. In the preliminary study, one chicken developed ataxia and weakness. None of the quaker parrots had any clinical signs that could resemble PDD or GBS. None of the chickens or quaker parrots presented any gross lesions. The chicken with clinical signs had a perivascular and perineural lymphocytic infiltrate in the proventriculus. Two of the quaker parrots (one from each treatment group) developed mild lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis and myelitis. Our results suggest that autoantibodies against gangliosides in birds are not associated with a condition resembling PDD.

scholarly journals Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Piglets Inoculated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Investigation of Quantitative PCV2 Distribution and Antibody Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Okuda ◽  
M. Ono ◽  
S. Yazawa ◽  
I. Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wasting Syndrome

Sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). At 1 day postinoculation (PI), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day PI and from contact piglets from 2 days after cohabitation. Porcine circovirus type 2 was also detected in all serum samples but not in control piglets 7 days PI. Until the end of study, PCV2 was detected in swabs and serum samples by PCR but not in the control piglets. One inoculated piglet died suddenly without clinical signs 19 days PI. Beginning at 14 days PI, 5 piglets, including 1 contact piglet, had clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and icterus, and 1 inoculated piglet died 21 days PI. Most of the piglets exhibiting the above clinical signs became moribund and were necropsied 21 and 28 days PI. In the piglets that showed clinical signs, gross lesions, including icterus of liver and hemorrhage in stomach, and typical histopathological lesions of PMWS, such as lymphoid depletion and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymph nodes and other tissues, were observed. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by PCR in all tissue samples except in those of the control piglets. Porcine circovirus type 2 was recovered from several tissue samples of the piglets necropsied until 35 days PI. In particular, PCV2 was recovered in high titer from most of the tissue samples of the piglets exhibiting clinical signs. Serum antibody against PCV2 was mostly detected in inoculated piglets and in contact piglets 14 and 21 days PI by an indirect fluorescence antibody test but was not detected in the piglets exhibiting clinical signs until 28 days PI. These results indicate that PCV2 was able to induce clinical PMWS in the absence of other swine pathogens and that there were significant differences in both the quantitative PCV2 distribution in tissues and the antibody response between the piglets that were infected and developed PMWS and those that were infected but remained healthy.

Clinical value of (1,3)-β-D-glucan, mannan, antimannan IgG and IgM antibodies in diagnosis of invasive candidiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 976-986
Author(s):  
Fengtian Li ◽  
Xiaotian Yu ◽  
Liyan Ye ◽  
Guang Zhou ◽  
Leili Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽  
And Control

Abstract Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC) is still challenging due to absence of specific clinical signs and symptoms. In this study we investigate the clinical value of (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG), mannan (MN), antimannan immunoglobulin G (AM-IgG), and antimannan immunoglobulin M (AM-IgM) assay in diagnosis of IC. During 2016 to 2018 serum samples from 71 patients with IC and 185 patients without IC were collected. Serum samples from 41 patients with bacteremia were also enrolled as additional control. Significant differences in mean serum biomarkers levels between IC and control group were observed. At low cutoff threshold the sensitivity and specificity of BDG (70 pg/ml), MN (50 pg/ml), AM-IgG (80 AU/ml), and AM-IgM (80 AU/ml) assay were 64.8% and 90.8%, 64.8 and 89.2%,74.6% and 87.0%, 57.7% and 60.0%, respectively. Combined use of BDG/MN, BDG/AM-IgG and MN/AM-IgG improved the sensitivity and specificity to 85.9% and 81.1%, 85.9% and 80.0%, 81.7% and 81.6%, respectively. The combination of BDG/MN, BDG/AM-IgG, or MN/AM-IgG may provide an encouraging approach for diagnosis of IC.

scholarly journals Isolation and Cultivation of a New Isolate of BTV-25 and Presumptive Evidence for a Potential Persistent Infection in Healthy Goats

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 983
Author(s):  
Christina Ries ◽  
Ursula Domes ◽  
Britta Janowetz ◽  
Jens Böttcher ◽  
Katinka Burkhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Goat Flock ◽  
Edta Blood

Recently, several so-called “atypical” Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes were discovered, including BTV-25 (Toggenburg virus), in Switzerland. Most “atypical” BTV were identified in small ruminants without clinical signs. In 2018, two goats from a holding in Germany tested positive for BTV-25 genome by RT-qPCR prior to export. After experimental inoculation of the two goats with the BTV-25 positive field blood samples for generation of reference materials, viremia could be observed in one animal. For the first time, the BTV-25-related virus was isolated in cell culture from EDTA-blood and the full genome of isolate “BTV-25-GER2018” could be generated. BTV-25-GER2018 was only incompletely neutralized by ELISA-positive sera. We could monitor the BTV-25 occurrence in the respective affected goat flock of approximately 120 goats over several years. EDTA blood samples were screened with RT-qPCR using a newly developed BTV-25 specific assay. For serological surveillance, serum samples were screened using a commercial cELISA. BTV-25-GER2018 was detected over 4.5 years in the goat flock with intermittent PCR-positivity in some animals, and with or without concomitantly detected antibodies since 2015. We could demonstrate the viral persistence of BTV-25-GER2018 in goats for up to 4.5 years, and the first BTV-25 isolate is now available for further characterization.

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