scholarly journals Educational level as a contextual and proximate determinant of all cause mortality in Danish adults

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Osler
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Proximate Determinant ◽  
All Cause Mortality

scholarly journals Social inequalities in heat-attributable mortality in the city of Turin, northwest of Italy: a time series analysis from 1982 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ellena ◽  
Joan Ballester ◽  
Paola Mercogliano ◽  
Elisa Ferracin ◽  
Giuliana Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Understanding context specific heat-health risks in urban areas is important, especially given anticipated severe increases in summer temperatures due to climate change effects. We investigate social inequalities in the association between daily temperatures and mortality in summer in the city of Turin for the period 1982–2018 among different social and demographic groups such as sex, age, educational level, marital status and household occupants. Methods Mortality data are represented by individual all-cause mortality counts for the summer months between 1982 and 2018. Socioeconomic level and daily mean temperature were assigned to each deceased. A time series Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear models was fitted to capture the complex nonlinear dependency between daily mortality and temperature in summer. The mortality risk due to heat is represented by the Relative Risk (RR) at the 99th percentile of daily summer temperatures for each population subgroup. Results All-cause mortality risk is higher among women (1.88; 95% CI = 1.77, 2.00) and the elderly (2.13; 95% CI = 1.94, 2.33). With regard to education, the highest significant effects for men is observed among higher education levels (1.66; 95% CI = 1.38, 1.99), while risks for women is higher for the lower educational level (1.93; 95% CI = 1.79, 2.08). Results on marital status highlighted a stronger association for widower in men (1.66; 95% CI = 1.38, 2.00) and for separated and divorced in women (2.11; 95% CI = 1.51, 2.94). The risk ratio of household occupants reveals a stronger association for men who lived alone (1.61; 95% CI = 1.39, 1.86), while for women results are almost equivalent between alone and not alone groups. Conclusions The associations between heat and mortality is unequal across different aspects of social vulnerability, and, inter alia, factors influencing the population vulnerability to temperatures can be related to demographic, social, and economic aspects. A number of issues are identified and recommendations for the prioritisation of further research are provided. A better knowledge of these effect modifiers is needed to identify the axes of social inequality across the most vulnerable population sub-groups.

scholarly journals Association between educational level and total and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of over 694 000 individuals in the Asia Cohort Consortium

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e026225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keming Yang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Eiko Saito ◽  
Md Shafiur Rahman ◽  
Prakash Chandra Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
University Education ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality

ObjectiveTo study the association of educational level and risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer among Asian populations.DesignA pooled analysis of 15 population-based cohort studies.Setting and participants694 434 Asian individuals from 15 prospective cohorts within the Asia Cohort Consortium.InterventionsNone.Main outcome measuresHRs and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality, as well as for CVD-specific mortality and cancer-specific mortality.ResultsA total of 694 434 participants (mean age at baseline=53.2 years) were included in the analysis. During a mean follow-up period of 12.5 years, 103 023 deaths were observed, among which 33 939 were due to cancer and 34 645 were due to CVD. Higher educational levels were significantly associated with lower risk of death from all causes compared with a low educational level (≤primary education); HRs and 95% CIs for secondary education, trade/technical education and ≥university education were 0.88 (0.85 to 0.92), 0.81 (0.73 to 0.90) and 0.71 (0.63 to 0.80), respectively (ptrend=0.002). Similarly, HRs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.89 to 0.97), 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) and 0.81 (0.73 to 0.89) for cancer death, and 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93), 0.77 (0.66 to 0.91) and 0.67 (0.58 to 0.77) for CVD death with increasing levels of education (both ptrend<0.01). The pattern of the association among East Asians and South Asians was similar compared with ≤primary education; HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality associated with ≥university education was 0.72 (0.63 to 0.81) among 539 724 East Asians (Chinese, Japanese and Korean) and 0.61 (0.54 to 0.69) among 154 710 South Asians (Indians and Bangladeshis).ConclusionHigher educational level was associated with substantially lower risk of death among Asian populations.

scholarly journals Social Inequalities in Heat-attributable Mortality in the City of Turin, Northwest of Italy: A Time Series Analysis From 1982 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ellena ◽  
Joan Ballester ◽  
Paola Mercogliano ◽  
Elisa Ferracin ◽  
Giuliana Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The City

Abstract BackgroundUnderstanding context specific heat-health risks in urban areas is important, especially given anticipated severe increases in summer temperatures due to climate change effects. We investigate social inequalities in the association between daily temperatures and mortality in summer in the city of Turin for the period 1982-2018 among different social and demographic group such as sex, age, educational level, marital status and household occupants. Methods Mortality data are represented by individual all-cause mortality counts for the summer months between 1982 and 2018. Socioeconomic level and daily mean temperature were assigned to each deceased. A time series Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear models was fitted to capture the complex nonlinear dependency between daily mortality and temperature in summer. The mortality risk due to heat was represented by the Relative Risk (RR) at the 99th percentile of daily summer temperatures for each population subgroup. Results All-cause mortality risk was higher among women (1.88; 95% CI= 1.77, 2.00) and the elderly (2.13; 95% CI=1.94, 2.33). With regard to education, the highest significant effects for men was observed among higher education levels (1.66; 1.38, 1.99), while risks for women were higher for the lower educational level (1.93; 1.79, 2.08). Results on marital status highlighted a stronger association for widower in men (1.66; 95%CI=1.38, 2.00) and for separated and divorced in women (2.11; 95%CI= 1.51, 2.94). The risk ratio of household occupants revealed a stronger association for men who lived alone (1.61; 95%CI=1.39, 1.86), while for women results are almost equivalent between alone and not alone groups. Conclusions The associations between heat and mortality were unequal across different aspects of social vulnerability, and, inter alia, factors influencing the population vulnerability to temperatures can be related to demographic, social, and economic aspects. A number of issues were identified and recommendations for the prioritisation of further research are provided.A better knowledge of these effect modifiers is needed to identify the axes of social inequality across the most vulnerable population sub-groups.

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