scholarly journals Impact of small group size on neighbourhood influences in multilevel models

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Theall ◽  
R. Scribner ◽  
S. Broyles ◽  
Q. Yu ◽  
J. Chotalia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Small Group Size

scholarly journals Testing the Efficacy of a Kindergarten Mathematics Intervention by Small Group Size

AERA Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285841770689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Clarke ◽  
Christian T. Doabler ◽  
Derek Kosty ◽  
Evangeline Kurtz Nelson ◽  
Keith Smolkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Mathematics Intervention ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Kindergarten Mathematics

scholarly journals Altruism as an Explanation for Human Consanguinity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Srdjan Denic ◽  
Mukesh M. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Small Group Size

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Human inbreeding is a sociobiological puzzle. Despite widespread knowledge of its potential for genetic disorders, human consanguinity remains surprisingly common. The current reasons explaining its continued persistence in today’s modern world have major shortcomings. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> We propose that the Neolithic Agrarian revolution modified the structure of populations. It increased competition for the limited resources in which a larger group had better chances of survival. As a result, small, drifting, socially open bands of hunter-gatherers were transformed into bigger, less mobile, and more powerful kinship groups (tribes). In this transformation, a central role was played by human trust – an aspect of human altruism which is a universal sociobiological principle of behavior. Altruism (and trust) is an essential premise of social contracts such as economic cooperation, marriage arrangement, and creation of alliances between people. In kinship groups, human trust is limited to kin, so tribes remain small, economically poor, and consanguineous due to lack of nonkin mates. The expanding of trust from kin to that of nonbiological relatives increases the size of human groups, fosters economic wealth, and decreases the rate of consanguinity. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> The lack of nonkin altruism leads to: (a) poverty (due to poor economic cooperation with nonkin), (b) maintaining small group size, and (c) inbreeding.

scholarly journals Hunting High and Low: Postglacial Colonization Strategies in Central Norway between 9500 and 8000 cal BC

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi M. Breivik ◽  
Martin Callanan
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Lithic Technology ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Postglacial Colonization ◽  
Small Group Size ◽  
Size And Structure ◽  
Lithic Raw Material

In this article, we examine aspects of the Postglacial colonization processes that took place in central Norway during the Early Mesolithic (c. 9500–8000 cal bc). The distribution of sites from this period shows that the colonizers approached and exploited two very different landscapes and resource situations—from archipelagic to alpine. Based on twelve artefact assemblages from central Norway we investigate how colonizing populations met the challenge posed by varying ecozones. Did they organize their settlements and technologies in similar ways or did they modify sites and activities in relation to the different locations? The aspects studied are site organization, artefact composition, projectiles, and lithic raw material use. It appears that the sites are of a similar size and structure across ecozones. Apart from some variations in tool composition, there is no evidence in the lithic material for any technical adaptation towards specific ecozones. We conclude that using a standard, generalized lithic technology, combined with high mobility and small group size, enabled the colonizing groups to overcome the risks and difficulties associated with settling and seeking out resources in new and unknown landscapes.

scholarly journals Increasing Social Presence in Online Learning through Small Group Discussions

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mete Akcaoglu ◽  
Eunbae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Small Group Discussions

Social presence is a difficult to achieve, but an imperative component of online learning. In this study, we investigated the effect of group size on students' perceptions of social presence in two graduate-level online courses, comparing small group versus whole class discussions. Our results indicated that when in small group discussions, students perceived a higher level of social presence in terms of sociability, t(32) = 3.507, p = .001; social space, t(29) = 3.074, p = .005; and group cohesion, t(32) = 3.550, p = .001. We discuss how placing students in small and permanent discussion groups can augment social presence. Designers and educators of online learning can strategically modify group size to promote social presence in asynchronous online discussions.

Applying an Individual Word-Problem Intervention to a Small-Group Setting: A Pilot Study’s Evidence of Improved Word-Problem Performance for Students Experiencing Mathematics Difficulty

2021 ◽  
pp. 002221942110476
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Powell ◽  
Katherine A. Berry ◽  
Anasazi N. Acunto ◽  
Anna-Maria Fall ◽  
Greg Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Word Problem ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Mathematics Intervention ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mathematics Difficulty

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether positive results from a word-problem intervention implemented one-to-one contributed to similar outcomes when implemented in small groups of three to four students. Third-grade students experiencing mathematics difficulty ( n = 76) were randomly assigned to word-problem intervention ( n = 56) or business-as-usual comparison ( n = 20). Intervention occurred for 13 weeks, 3 times per week, 30 min per session. Multilevel models revealed the intervention condition significantly outperformed the BaU on a proximal word-problem outcome, corroborating results from our prior individual intervention. When comparing student performance in the individual versus small-group intervention, findings suggest students received added benefit from the individual intervention. The word-problem intervention successfully translated to a small-group setting, which holds important implications for educators working with students in supplemental, targeted, or Tier-2 mathematics intervention settings.

The Median Group: An Introduction

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-260
Author(s):  
Piers Lyndon
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Group Analysis

This article introduces the altered psychological dynamic brought about by an increase in group size. It seeks to map out a number of continuities and differences with conventional small-group analysis and looks briefly at the evolution of the larger group process.

scholarly journals Small group forecasting using proportional-prize contests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Peeters ◽  
Fan Rao ◽  
Leonard Wolk
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Future Events

AbstractWe consider a proportional-prize contest to forecast future events, and show that, in equilibrium, this mechanism possesses perfect forecasting ability for any group size when the contestants share common knowledge about the probabilities by which future events realize. Data gathered in a laboratory experiment confirm the performance invariance to group size. By contrast, when realization probabilities are not common knowledge, there are some differences across group sizes. The mechanism operates marginally better with three or four compared to two players. However, this effect is mainly driven by players’ behavior rather than by differences in the beliefs they form about the realization probabilities.

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