scholarly journals My final choice: speaking truth to power

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n3036
Author(s):  
Fiona Godlee
Keyword(s):  
Final Choice ◽  
Speaking Truth To Power

scholarly journals A comparison of zero-inflated and hurdle models for modeling zero-inflated count data

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Xin Feng
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Count Data ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Hurdle Models ◽  
Count Distribution ◽  
Careful Assessment

AbstractCounts data with excessive zeros are frequently encountered in practice. For example, the number of health services visits often includes many zeros representing the patients with no utilization during a follow-up time. A common feature of this type of data is that the count measure tends to have excessive zero beyond a common count distribution can accommodate, such as Poisson or negative binomial. Zero-inflated or hurdle models are often used to fit such data. Despite the increasing popularity of ZI and hurdle models, there is still a lack of investigation of the fundamental differences between these two types of models. In this article, we reviewed the zero-inflated and hurdle models and highlighted their differences in terms of their data generating processes. We also conducted simulation studies to evaluate the performances of both types of models. The final choice of regression model should be made after a careful assessment of goodness of fit and should be tailored to a particular data in question.

scholarly journals ­­Speaking truth to power

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n24
Author(s):  
Fiona Godlee
Keyword(s):  
Speaking Truth To Power

scholarly journals Speaking truth to power: why leaders cannot hear what they need to hear

BMJ Leader ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. leader-2020-000394
Author(s):  
Megan Reitz ◽  
John Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Speaking Truth To Power

scholarly journals Uncertainty promotes information-seeking actions, but what information?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlynn M. Keller ◽  
Holly A. Taylor ◽  
Tad T. Brunyé
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Navigation Data ◽  
Spatial Reorientation ◽  
Local Landmark ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
Cue Conflict

Abstract Navigating an unfamiliar city almost certainly brings out uncertainty about getting from place to place. This uncertainty, in turn, triggers information gathering. While navigational uncertainty is common, little is known about what type of information people seek when they are uncertain. The primary choices for information types with environments include landmarks (distal or local), landmark configurations (relation between two or more landmarks), and a distinct geometry, at least for some environments. Uncertainty could lead individuals to more likely seek one of these information types. Extant research informs both predictions about and empirical work exploring this question. This review covers relevant cognitive literature and then suggests empirical approaches to better understand information-seeking actions triggered by uncertainty. Notably, we propose that examining continuous navigation data can provide important insights into information seeking. Benefits of continuous data will be elaborated through one paradigm, spatial reorientation, which intentionally induces uncertainty through disorientation and cue conflict. While this and other methods have been used previously, data have primarily reflected only the final choice. Continuous behavior during a task can better reveal the cognition-action loop contributing to spatial learning and decision making.

scholarly journals Robust sampling of decision information during perceptual choice

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 2771-2776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildward Vandormael ◽  
Santiago Herce Castañón ◽  
Jan Balaguer ◽  
Vickie Li ◽  
Christopher Summerfield
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Sample Information ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
Spatial Locations

Humans move their eyes to gather information about the visual world. However, saccadic sampling has largely been explored in paradigms that involve searching for a lone target in a cluttered array or natural scene. Here, we investigated the policy that humans use to overtly sample information in a perceptual decision task that required information from across multiple spatial locations to be combined. Participants viewed a spatial array of numbers and judged whether the average was greater or smaller than a reference value. Participants preferentially sampled items that were less diagnostic of the correct answer (“inlying” elements; that is, elements closer to the reference value). This preference to sample inlying items was linked to decisions, enhancing the tendency to give more weight to inlying elements in the final choice (“robust averaging”). These findings contrast with a large body of evidence indicating that gaze is directed preferentially to deviant information during natural scene viewing and visual search, and suggest that humans may sample information “robustly” with their eyes during perceptual decision-making.

Turbocharger-Design Effects on Gasoline-Engine Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodosios Korakianitis ◽  
T. Sadoi
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Design Point ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Flow Experiments

Specification of a turbocharger for a given engine involves matching the turbocharger performance characteristics with those of the piston engine. Theoretical considerations of matching turbocharger pressure ratio and mass flow with engine mass flow and power permits designers to approach a series of potential turbochargers suitable for the engine. Ultimately, the final choice among several candidate turbochargers is made by tests. In this paper two types of steady-flow experiments are used to match three different turbochargers to an automotive turbocharged-intercooled gasoline engine. The first set of tests measures the steady-flow performance of the compressors and turbines of the three turbochargers. The second set of tests measures the steady-flow design-point and off-design-point engine performance with each turbocharger. The test results show the design-point and off-design-point performance of the overall thermodynamic cycle, and this is used to identify which turbocharger is suitable for different types of engine duties.

Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction for Crystallographic Characterization of Tin Whiskers

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 876-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Michael ◽  
Bonnie B. McKenzie ◽  
Donald F. Susan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Tin Whiskers ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

AbstractUnderstanding the growth of whiskers or high aspect ratio features on substrates can be aided when the crystallography of the feature is known. This study has evaluated three methods that utilize electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for the determination of the crystallographic growth direction of an individual whisker. EBSD has traditionally been a technique applied to planar, polished samples, and thus the use of EBSD for out-of-surface features is somewhat more difficult and requires additional steps. One of the methods requires the whiskers to be removed from the substrate resulting in the loss of valuable physical growth relationships between the whisker and the substrate. The other two techniques do not suffer this disadvantage and provide the physical growth information as well as the crystallographic growth directions. The final choice of method depends on the information required. The accuracy and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.

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