Childhood behaviour, adult earnings . . . and other stories

BMJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. l4716
Keyword(s):  
Adult Earnings

scholarly journals Birth weight and adult earnings: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mark J. Lambiris ◽  
Mia M. Blakstad ◽  
Nandita Perumal ◽  
Goodarz Danaei ◽  
Lilia Bliznashka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Adult Earnings

Abstract While substantial evidence has identified low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) as a risk factor for early life morbidity, mortality and poor childhood development, relatively little is known on the links between birth weight and economic outcomes in adulthood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the economics (EconLit) and biomedical literature (Medline) and estimate the pooled association between birth weight and adult earnings. A total of 15 studies from mostly high-income countries were included. On average, each standard deviation increase in birth weight was associated with a 2.75% increase in annual earnings [(95% CI: 1.44 to 4.07); 9 estimates]. A negative, but not statistically significant, association was found between being born LBW and earnings, compared to individuals not born LBW [mean difference: −3.41% (95% CI: −7.55 to 0.73); 7 estimates]. No studies from low-income countries were identified and all studies were observational. Overall, birth weight was consistently associated with adult earnings, and therefore, interventions that improve birth weight may provide beneficial effects on adult economic outcomes.

scholarly journals Childhood Housing and Adult Earnings: A Between-Siblings Analysis of Housing Vouchers and Public Housing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Andersson ◽  
John C Haltiwanger ◽  
Mark J. Kutzbach ◽  
Giordano Palloni ◽  
Henry O Pollakowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Housing Vouchers ◽  
Adult Earnings

scholarly journals Do selective schooling systems increase inequality?

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Simon Burgess ◽  
Matt Dickson ◽  
Lindsey Macmillan
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
School Assignment

Abstract We investigate the impact on earnings inequality of a selective education system in which school assignment is based on initial test scores. We use a large, representative household panel survey to compare adult earnings inequality of those growing up under a selective education system with those educated under a comprehensive system in England. Controlling for a range of background characteristics and the current location, the wage distribution for individuals who grew up in selective schooling areas is substantially and significantly more unequal. The total effect sizes are large: 24% of the raw 90–10 earnings gap and 19% of the conditional 90–10 earnings gap can be explained by differences across schooling systems.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DIETARY INTAKES, ‘WASH’ AND DIARRHEAL MORBIDITY ON STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN BELOW FIVE YEARS IN NAKURU COUNTY: A CASE STUDY OF KAPTEMBWO AND MILIMANI, KENYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Matoke Ayienda ◽  
Muthuka J. Kyalo ◽  
Job O. Mapesa ◽  
Lawrence Mugambi ◽  
Eglah J. Kiplagat
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
High Level

Stunting is the most prevalent and pervasive form of under nutrition worldwide. In 2019, an estimate of 144 million (21.3%) of children under the age of 5 years are stunted globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, 34% of children fewer than 5 years are stunted and the burden of stunting is most prevalent in the Eastern Africa region with 37% (FAO, 2017). In Kenya, out of a total of 7 million under 5 years, 1.82 million (26%) children are suffering from stunting; out of which 11.4% are severely stunted. Stunting is associated with greater risk of death from infectious diseases in childhood, poorer cognition, poorer educational outcomes and lower adult earnings. The study population was a total of 314 children aged 0-59 months. Data was collected using survey CTO questionnaire. Use of pesticides, hygiene practices and sanitation (human waste disposal), hand washing practices, water sources and means of water treatment were examined and adequately described in relation to EED and stunting. Survey CTO programme was installed in tablets and or smart phones, in which a questionnaire with closed ended questions was programmed and used to collect a no-paper work data. The Survey CTO programmed questionnaire only allowed the researcher to key in a response for one question before moving to the next question. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS while regression was done using STATA. There was no significant difference in dietary intakes between children in Kaptembwo and Milimani, and that the dietary intakes in both Milimani and Kaptembwo were adequate and balanced. Out of 202 children sampled in Kaptembwo, 40.59% had experienced diarrhea in the last four weeks to data collection while out of 112 children sampled in Milimani, only 17% had experienced diarrhea in the last four weeks. In spite of the same dietary intakes in Kaptembwo and Milimani, stunting is high in Kaptembwo than in Milimani. Out of a total of 314 children sampled, 25% were stunted in Kaptembwo, while only 3.33% were stunted in Milimani. Diarrhea increases loss of dietary nutrients thereby making the nutrients required for growth inadequate. High level of stunting in Kaptembwo is associated with poor environmental conditions (poor sanitation and hygiene) which contribute to diarrhea. Diarrhea could be key contributor to Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED), which is too a contributor to stunting. It is recommended that residents of Kaptembwo and Milimani are educated on the importance of good sanitation and hygiene in order to curb diarrhea, which is a contributor to the development of EED. In the same spirit, understand the importance of proper use of pesticides. Experimental research was done in the same area involving the use of biological markers for EED. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0720/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Academic Achievement and Economic Attainment: Reexamining Associations Between Test Scores and Long-Run Earnings

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285842092898
Author(s):  
Tyler W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Economic Attainment ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
Socioemotional Skills ◽  
New Evidence

The current article reexamines the correlation between achievement test scores and earnings by providing new evidence on the association between academic skills and measures of adult earnings assessed when participants were in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. Results suggest that math and reading scores are strong predictors of economic attainment throughout participants’ careers, but these associations may also be sensitive to controls for other characteristics—including measures of the early family environment, general cognitive functioning, and socioemotional skills. Although these associations demonstrate the likely importance of achievement skills in determining labor market productivity, the variability in the achievement-to-earnings correlation suggests that researchers should apply caution when using the correlation to project the long-run effects of educational interventions.

scholarly journals Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Corak
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Earnings Mobility ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
The Relationship

My focus is on the degree to which increasing inequality in the high-income countries, particularly in the United States, is likely to limit economic mobility for the next generation of young adults. I discuss the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility. The goal is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent. I begin by presenting evidence that countries with more inequality at one point in time also experience less earnings mobility across the generations, a relationship that has been called “The Great Gatsby Curve.” The interaction between families, labor markets, and public policies all structure a child's opportunities and determine the extent to which adult earnings are related to family background—but they do so in different ways across national contexts. Both cross-country comparisons and the underlying trends suggest that these drivers are all configured most likely to lower, or at least not raise, the degree of intergenerational earnings mobility for the next generation of Americans coming of age in a more polarized labor market. This trend will likely continue unless there are changes in public policy that promote the human capital of children in a way that offers relatively greater benefits to the relatively disadvantaged.

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