Relatively high infant mortality in US is due to number of preterm births, report says

BMJ ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 339 (nov09 2) ◽  
pp. b4633-b4633
Author(s):  
J. H. Tanne
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
High Infant Mortality

scholarly journals Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency) and High Infant Mortality in Northern Laos

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e0003581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Barennes ◽  
Khouanheuan Sengkhamyong ◽  
Jean Pascal René ◽  
Maniphet Phimmasane
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
High Infant Mortality

The U.S. Children's Bureau and Infant Mortality in the Progressive Era

1995 ◽  
Vol 177 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriste Lindenmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Child Welfare Policy ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Diagnostic Work ◽  
National Effort ◽  
The U.S

Early in the twentieth century, a growing child welfare movement led to the establishment of the first federal agency in the world, the U.S. Children's Bureau, designated to investigate and report on the circumstances of children. Appointed in 1912, the agency's first director, Julia Lathrop, focused on infant mortality, beginning with a year's study in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The work stimulated a national effort to “save babies.” The Bureau's efforts led to the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, which funded educational and diagnostic work to lower the nation's high infant mortality rate. But this type of effort was short-lived. The article describes the course of the agency's work in the Progressive Era and evaluates its effect on current child welfare policy, a key area in the ongoing controversy over “welfare reform” and the role of the federal government in the provision of human services.

scholarly journals Excerpts on the History of Mother and Infant Protection in Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-265
Author(s):  
Larisa E. Gorelova ◽  
Vera N. Shelkova
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Medicine Development ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the important course of the medicine development at the beginning of the 20th century — mother and infant protection. The contribution of pediatricians and obstetricians to prevention of high infant mortality in Moscow is represented. The activities of G.N. Speransky and other doctors in public benevolent institutions are reported.

scholarly journals Effects of Randomized Corruption Audits on Early-Life Mortality in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Ramos ◽  
Robert Weiss ◽  
Simeon Nietcher ◽  
Leiwen Gao
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Improve Health

Background: Various studies suggest that corruption affects public health systems across the world. However, the extant literature lacks causal evidence about whether anti-corruption interventions can improve health outcomes. We examine the impact of randomized anti-corruption audits on early-life mortality in Brazil. Methods: The Brazilian government conducted audits in 1,949 randomly selected municipalities between 2003 and 2015. To identify the causal effect of anti-corruption audits on early-life mortality, we analyse data on health outcomes from individual- level vital statistics (DATASUS) collected by Brazil government before and after the random audits. Data on the audit intervention are from the Controladoria-Geral da Uniao, the government agency responsible for the anti-corruption audits. Outcomes are neonatal mortality, infant mortality, child mortality, preterm births, and prenatal visits. Analyses examine aggregate effects for each outcome, as well as effects by race, cause of death, and years since the intervention. Results: Anti-corruption audits significantly decreased early-life mortality in Brazil. Expressed in relative terms, audits reduced neonatal mortality by 6.7% (95% CI -8.3%, -5.0%), reduced infant mortality by 7.3% (-8.6%, -5.9%), and reduced child mortality by 7.3% (-8.5%, -6.0%). This reduction in early mortality was higher for nonwhite Brazilians, who face significant health disparities. Effects are greater when we look at deaths from preventable causes, and show temporal persistence with large effects even a decade after audits. In addition, analyses show that the intervention led to a 12.1% (-13.4%, -10.6%) reduction in women receiving no prenatal care, as well as a 7.4% (-9.4%, -5.5%) reduction in preterm births; these effects are likewise higher for nonwhites and are persistent over time. All effects are robust to various alternative specifications. Interpretation: Governments have the potential to improve health outcomes through anti-corruption interventions. Such interventions can reduce early-life mortality and mitigate health disparities. The impact of anti-corruption audits should be investigated in other countries, and further research should further explore the mechanisms by which combating corruption affects the health sector.

The Shift from Pro-Fertility Norms to Individual-Choice Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
The U.S

Secularization is accelerating. From 1981 to 2007, more than two-thirds of the publics for which we have data became more religious, but then a major shift occurred: from 2007 to 2020, more than four-fifths of these publics became less religious. Up to 2007 the U.S. showed little change, but since then it showed the largest shift of any country away from religion and now ranks among the world’s least religious publics. One generally overlooked reason for accelerating secularization is that, for centuries, most religions encouraged pro-fertility norms that limit women to producing as many children as possible and discourage any sexual behavior not linked with reproduction. These norms were needed when facing high infant mortality and low life expectancy but now are rapidly giving way to individual-choice norms supporting gender equality and tolerance of divorce, abortion, and LGBTQ people. Pro-fertility norms are so strongly linked with religion that abandoning them undermines religiosity.

scholarly journals Competing effects on the average age of infant death

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander ◽  
Leslie Root
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Approximation Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
White Mothers ◽  
First Year Of Life

In recent decades, the relationship between the average length of life for those who die in the first year of life — the lifetable quantity 1𝑎0 — and the level of infant mortality, on which its calculation is often based, has broken down. The very low levels of infant mortality in the developed world correspond to a range of 1𝑎0 quantities. We illustrate the competing effect of falling mortality and reduction in preterm births on 1𝑎0, through two populations with very different levels of premature birth — infants born to non-Hispanic white mothers and to non- Hispanic black mothers in the United States. Through simulation, we further demonstrate that falling mortality reduces 1𝑎0, while a reduction in premature births increases it. We use these observations to motivate the formulation of a new approximation formula for 1𝑎0 in low- mortality contexts, which is a function of both the infant mortality rate and the ratio of infant to under-five mortality. Model results and validation show that this model outperforms existing alternatives.

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