Skin Disinfection and Acupuncture

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Needle Insertion ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Acupuncture Needle ◽  
Skin Disinfection ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Good Analogy

The need for skin disinfection before insertion of an acupuncture needle is controversial and there is no specific research on this topic. However research and observations on the effect of, and the need for, skin disinfection before injections forms a good analogy of acupuncture. Whilst micro-organisms present on the surface of the skin are accessible to disinfection, those located under the surface in ducts, glands and follicles are out of reach and can be inoculated into the sterile tissues below by needle insertion. Fortunately, the bacteria resident on the skin have a low potential to cause infection if host immunity is not severely impaired or compromised by the long-term presence of foreign material, such as a surgical stitch. Disinfection of clean skin before injection is not generally considered necessary and observations of lack of infection following injections without prior skin disinfection support this; however, contamination by micro-organisms not normally resident on skin can pose a higher risk of infection. If skin is visibly soiled, it should be washed and if needle insertion is near an infected or contaminated site, it should be disinfected with alcohol. Practitioner hand hygiene between patients is important, even if gloves are worn. Hands should be washed with soap or detergent and water, or an alcohol handrub can be used if hands are physically clean.

scholarly journals Microbial Contamination of a Diving Suit

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Dąbrowiecki ◽  
Małgorzata Dąbrowiecka ◽  
Romuald Olszański ◽  
Piotr Siermontowski
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Hyperbaric Chamber ◽  
Single Carrier ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Micro Organisms

Abstract Pathogenic micro-organisms can easily transfer from the surface of a diver’s skin onto the surfaces of a protective suit. A long-term stay in a hyperbaric chamber during a saturation dive increases the risk of infection if in the chamber there is even a single carrier of disease-causing pathogens. The conducted research has confirmed that the diving equipment located in Diving Centres is a place of many different bacteria and fungi, including pathogenic ones. The vast majority of microbes found on the surfaces of wetsuits, etc. are commensals (with some being opportunistic organisms). This fact allows us to realise that the surfaces of diving equipment are an excellent “transmission route” for various dermatoses and other diseases. In order to reduce the risk of infection the diving equipment used by various people should be subject to the process of decontamination. The authors recommend decontamination with the use of gaseous hydrogen peroxide which does not cause damage to equipment.

scholarly journals Human milk feeding and cognitive outcome in preterm infants: the role of infection and NEC reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winok Lapidaire ◽  
Alan Lucas ◽  
Jonathan D. Clayden ◽  
Chris Clark ◽  
Mary S. Fewtrell
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Verbal Iq

Abstract Background Breast milk has been associated with lower risk of infection and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and improved long-term cognitive outcomes in preterm infants but, if unsupplemented, does not meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants. Methods Preterm infants were randomised to receive a high nutrient intervention diet: preterm formula (PTF) or the standard diet: term formula (TF) or banked donor breast milk (BBM), either as their sole diet or as supplement to maternal breast milk (MBM). IQ tests were performed at ages 7, 15, 20, and 30 years. Results An increase in MBM and BBM intake was associated with a lower chance of neonatal infection/NEC. Neonatal infection/NEC was associated with lower Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) score at ages 7 and 30 years. The relationship between higher intake of MBM and PIQ at age 7 years was partly mediated by neonatal infection/NEC. The intervention diet was associated with higher Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores compared to the standard diet. There was no evidence that these effects changed from childhood through to adulthood. Conclusions Neonatal diet is an important modifiable factor that can affect long-term cognitive outcome through a ‘human milk’ factor, protecting against infection/NEC, and a ‘nutrient content’ factor. Impact This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of neonatal infection/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) on IQ in the same cohort in childhood and adulthood. Diet can be a key factor in long-term cognitive outcome in people born preterm by preventing neonatal infection/NEC and providing adequate nutrients. Human milk, whether MBM or BBM, is associated with a reduced risk of infection/NEC. A higher nutrient diet is associated with better cognitive outcome in childhood. Performance IQ is particularly vulnerable to the effects of infection/NEC and verbal IQ to the quantity of (macro)nutrients in the diet.

scholarly journals Febrile Neutropenia and Long-term Risk of Infection Among Patients Treated With Chemotherapy for Malignant Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefine Nordvig ◽  
Theis Aagaard ◽  
Gedske Daugaard ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Henrik Sengeløv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Competing Events ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common complication to chemotherapy, associated with increased short-term morbidity and mortality. However, the long-term outcomes after FN are poorly elucidated. We examined the long-term risk of infection and mortality rates in cancer patients with and without FN. Methods Patients aged >16 years treated with firstline chemotherapy were followed from 180 days after initiating chemotherapy until first infection, a new treatment with chemotherapy, death, or end of follow-up. Risk factors for infections were analyzed by competing risks regression, with death or another treatment with chemotherapy as competing events. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) of infection and death were analyzed using Poisson regression. In analyses of mortality, infection was included as a time-updated variable. Results We included 7190 patients with a median follow-up (interquartile range) of 0.58 (0.20–1.71) year. A total of 1370 patients had an infection during follow-up. The aIRRs of infection were 1.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56–2.22) and 2.19 (95% CI, 1.54–3.11) for patients with 1 or >1 episode of FN compared with those without FN. Mortality rate ratios were 7.52 (95% CI, 6.67–8.48) <1 month after, 4.24 (95% CI, 3.80–4.75) 1–3 months after, 2.33 (95% CI, 1.63–3.35) 3–6 months after, and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.93–1.29) >6 months after an infection, compared with the time before infection. Conclusions FN during chemotherapy is associated with a long-term increased risk of infection. Mortality rates are substantially increased for 6 months following an infection.

scholarly journals Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing fasciitis associated with acupuncture

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Kotton ◽  
Soboh Soboh ◽  
Naiel Bisharat
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Fasciitis ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Needle Insertion ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Acupuncture Needle ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe life-threatening infection of the deep subcutaneous tissues and fascia. Infection with <em>Vibrio vulnificus</em>, a halophilic Gram-negative bacillus found worldwide in warm coastal waters, can lead to severe complications, particularly among patients with chronic liver diseases. We herein present an unusual case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by <em>V</em>. <em>vulnificus</em> triggered by acupuncture needle insertion. The patient, who suffered from diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and worked at a fish hatchery, denied any injury prior to acupuncture. This is the first ever reported case of <em>V. vulnificus</em> infection triggered by acupuncture needle insertion, clearly emphasizing the potential hazards of the prolonged survival of <em>V. vulnificus</em> on the skin. The potential infectious complications of acupuncture needle insertion are discussed.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Biological Studies of Shilajit (Asphaltum)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Shahid Aziz ◽  
Sidra Khaliq ◽  
Habib Ur-Rehman ◽  
Kh. Shakeel Ghani ◽  
Muhammad Irshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Dead Plant ◽  
Micro Organisms

<p>Shilajit (asphaltum)  is produced  by the long term humification  of dead plant material  and organic vegetable matter  by different micro-organisms and has great potential for the treatment of a variety of human conditions.  This treatise reviews its origin, sources, chemical composition, biological  and  commercial importance. Phytochemical analysis was done by standard methods to evaluate  different Shilajit (asphaltum) classes of compounds in different samples of shilajit  which are responsible for their  biological activity.  Shilajit`s anti-microbial activity has been evaluated  against four different bacterial strains viz., <em>Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeuroginosa</em>, <em>Klebisella pneumonia</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus. </em>Phytochemical analysis illustrated  that shilajit contains  terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and reducing sugars. Surprisingly,  some classes of compounds are absent in shilajit  viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. . Shilajit showed no response towards halophytic bacteria and  negligible activity was shown towards other strains of bacteria. Since   anti-microbial activity is based on environmental factors  its activity varied  between locations.</p>

scholarly journals The Interplay Between Infection Risk Factors of SARS-CoV-2 and Prognosis: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Cohort of Long-Term Care Nursing Home Residents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Soldevila ◽  
Núria Prat ◽  
Miquel À. Mas ◽  
Mireia Massot ◽  
Ramon Miralles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Facility Size ◽  
Care Nursing ◽  
Pcr Test

Abstract Background: Covid-19 pandemic has particularly affected older people living in Long-term Care settings. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of Long-term care nursing home residents between March first and June thirty, 2020, who were ≥ 65 years old and on whom at last one PCR test was performed. Socio-demographic, comorbidities, and clinical data were recorded. Facility size and community incidence of SARS-CoV-2 were also considered.Results: A total of 8021 participants were included from 168 facilities. Mean age was 86.4 years (SD = 7.4). Women represented 74.1%. SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in 27.7% of participants, and the overall case fatality rate was 11.3% (24.9% among those with a positive PCR test). Epidemiological factors related to risk of infection were larger facility size (pooled aOR 1.73; P < .001), higher community incidence (pooled aOR 1.67, P = .04), leading to a higher risk than the clinical factor of low level of functional dependence (aOR 1.22, P = 0.03). Epidemiological risk factors associated with mortality were male gender (aOR 1.75; P < .001), age (pooled aOR 1.16; P < .001), and higher community incidence (pooled aOR 1.19, P = < .001). There was evidence of clustering for facility and health area when considering the risk of infection and mortality (P < .001). Conclusions: Our results suggest a complex interplay between structural and individual factors regarding Covid-19 infection and its impact on mortality in nursing-home residents.

7: Risk of Infection after LVAD Placement for Long-Term Support by Body-Mass Index and Device Type

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. S67
Author(s):  
S. Martin ◽  
L. Wellington ◽  
K. Stevenson ◽  
C. Sai-Sudhakar ◽  
M. Firstenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Device Type

Bioconvective dynamics: dependence on organism behaviour

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (21) ◽  
pp. 3345-3354 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Czirok ◽  
I.M. Janosi ◽  
J.O. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Dominant Wavelength ◽  
Nonlinear Convection ◽  
Convection Regime ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Convection Patterns ◽  
Micro Organisms

Bioconvection occurs when a macroscopic nonuniformity of the concentration of microbial populations is generated and maintained by the directional swimming of the organisms. This study investigated the properties of the patterns near the onset of the instability and later during its evolution into a fully nonlinear convection regime. In suspensions of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, which tend to swim upwards in a gradient of oxygen concentration that they create by consumption, we discovered that the dominant wavelength at the onset of the instability is determined primarily by the cell density and is influenced only weakly by the fluid depth. This observation contrasts strongly with previous observations on the gravitactic alga Chlamydomonas nivalis, in which the opposite dependence was found. Considerable differences were also found in the long-term evolution of the convection patterns. These results demonstrate the existence of readily distinguishable types of bioconvection systems, even at early stages of the instability. The observed differences are clearly and causally correlated with disparate reasons for upward swimming by these micro-organisms, leading to different geometric distributions of the density of the suspension.

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