Towards a Dose of Acupuncture

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Muscle Stimulation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Superficial Needling ◽  
Direct Nerve ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Although it would be quite unacceptable to attempt most forms of treatment without defining the dose, acupuncture has so far remained without any means of quantification. Electrical and deep manual needling probably rely for their main effect on direct nerve and muscle stimulation. It is suggested that superficial needling acts by producing a cone of tissue damage, with release of inflammatory mediators which increase the sensitivity of local nerve endings so that trivial, incidental stimulation continues to induce CNS inhibitory effects for a prolonged period. The degree of local inflammatory effect can easily be recorded by measuring the area of skin flare. A simple formula is offered to determine the dose of acupuncture, based on skin flare recordings after experimental needling and theoretical considerations of tissue damage. Needles of varying shaft radius were inserted to a number of depths in the abdominal dermis and subjected to specific degrees of stimulation. The experimental data correlate well with the theoretical model. Needle response increases with depth of insertion, and with needle thickness although this is outweighed by the effects of manipulation if carried out. The formula derived for determining the dose of acupuncture which correlates with inflammatory response, as measured by skin flare, is (r + 0.1 l)K, where r is the radius of the needle shaft, l is the depth of insertion and K is 10 for unmanipulated insertions or 12.4 if the needle is manipulated.

EXAMINATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THE ADDITIVITY ASSUMPTION IN THE STRESS EVALUATION OF CHROMATIC LED LIGHTINGS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Miura ◽  
Y. Oe ◽  
N. Yoshizawa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Future ◽  
Yellow Lights ◽  
Effect Of Light

The purpose of this study is to clarify the physiological and psychological effects of chromatic lighting through the subjective experiments. In this paper, we first compared the psychological effects of various illuminance and chromatic lights and confirmed the main effect of light colour on psychological stress. In the monochromatic lights, the green lights were stressless and the red lights were stressful. Among the mixed lights made of two kinds of monochromatic lights, the yellow lights tended to be stressless. We also examined the additivity of psychological stress from the viewpoint of irradiance. The result shows that the additivity could be assumed among blue, red, and their mixed light magenta at the conditions of 53 lx in front of the eyes, however, the additivity of other mixed colour lights needs to be investigated in the future with more experimental data.

Analytical Prediction of the Cross-Over Point in the Temperature Coefficient of the Forward Characteristics of 4H−SiC p+−i−n Diodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 821-823 ◽  
pp. 628-631
Author(s):  
Luigi di Benedetto ◽  
Gian Domenico Licciardo ◽  
Salvatore Bellone ◽  
Roberta Nipoti
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Carrier Lifetime ◽  
Analytical Prediction ◽  
First Order ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Crossing Point

ForwardJD–VDcurves of 4H−SiC p−i−n diodes are analyzed by means of an analytical model in order to justify the presence of a crossing−point. The interlacing behaviour occurring in theJD–VDcurves of 4H−SiC diodes at different temperatures is predicted by a simple formula, which can be used for a first-order design of such devices. Numerical simulation of diodes designed with different epilayer thickness and carrier lifetime values have been used in order to analyze the crossing−point behaviour. Comparisons with experimental data confirm the analytic and simulated results.

scholarly journals Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 687-701
Author(s):  
Priscila Andrade Ranéia e Silva ◽  
Dhêmerson Souza de Lima ◽  
João Paulo Mesquita Luiz ◽  
Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara ◽  
José Carlos Farias Alves-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
P2x7 Receptor ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
C2c12 Myotubes ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Bothrops Jararacussu ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Abstract Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.

scholarly journals Internal Friction in the Ferroelectric – Ferromagnetic Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1327-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zachariasz ◽  
J.A. Bartkowska ◽  
D. Bochenek ◽  
P. Niemiec
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Ferroelectric Domain ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Abstract In the work, temperature Q-1(T) and amplitude Q-1(") dependences of internal friction for ferroelectric - ferromagnetic composites on the base of the PZT and ferrite were determined. The temperature dependences of internal friction Q-1 reveal the peak in the range of high temperatures. We have investigated the peak associated with the viscous-elastic mobility of ferroelectric domain walls. The internal friction due to the viscous-elastic mobility of ferroelectric domain walls was calculated and compared with the experimental data in the reference to the Wang’s theory. Based on internal friction measurements and theoretical considerations, the peak was described. Additionally the amplitude (isothermal) Q-1(") dependences for the composites were made. This allowed for the interpretation of the maximum observed on the temperature dependences of the internal friction Q-1(T).

scholarly journals Comparison of discontinuous damage models of Mullins-type

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 4097-4119
Author(s):  
Alexander Ricker ◽  
Nils Hendrik Kröger ◽  
Peter Wriggers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Pure Shear ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Mullins Effect ◽  
Damage Models ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

AbstractThe Mullins effect is a characteristic property of filled rubber materials whose accurate and efficient modelling is still a challenging task. Innumerable constitutive models for elastomers are described in the literature. Therefore, this contribution gives a review on some widely used approaches, presents a classification, proves their thermodynamic consistency, and discusses reasonable modifications. To reduce the wide range of models, the choice is restricted to those which reproduce the idealised, discontinuous Mullins effect. Apart from the theoretical considerations, two compounds were produced and tested under cyclic uniaxial and equibiaxial tension as well as pure shear. Based on this experimental data, a benchmark that compares the fitting quality of the discussed models is compiled and favourable approaches are identified. The results are a sound basis for establishing novel or improving existing rubber models.

scholarly journals Quantifying the efficacy of first aid treatments for burn injuries using mathematical modelling and in vivo porcine experiments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Simpson ◽  
Sean McInerney ◽  
Elliot J Carr ◽  
Leila Cuttle
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Threshold Temperature

AbstractFirst aid treatment of burn injuries reduces scarring and improves healing. Here, we quantify the efficacy of various first aid treatments by using a mathematical model to describe a suite of experimental data from a series of in vivo porcine experiments. We study a series of consistent burn injuries that are subject to first aid treatments that vary in both the temperature and duration of the first aid treatment. Calibrating the mathematical model to the experimental data provides estimates of the in vivo thermal diffusivity, the rate at which thermal energy is lost to the blood (perfusion), and the heat transfer coefficient controlling the loss of thermal energy at the interface of the fat and muscle layers. A limitation of working with in vivo animal experiments is the difficulty of resolving spatial variations in temperature across the tissues. Here, we use the solution of the calibrated mathematical model to predict and visualise the temperature distribution across the thickness of the tissue during the creation of the burn injury and the application of various first aid treatments. Using this information we propose, and report values for, a novel measure of the potential for tissue damage. This measure quantifies two important aspects that are thought to be related to thermal injury: (i) the volume of tissue that rises above the threshold temperature associated with the accumulation of tissue damage; and, (ii) the duration of time that the tissue remains above this threshold temperature. We conclude by discussing the clinical relevance of our findings.

A Theory of Sharp-Edged Orifices

1937 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. A53-A54
Author(s):  
W. E. Howland
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Discharge Coefficient ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Low Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Circular Orifice ◽  
Coefficient Of Discharge ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The author presents a figure in which the coefficient of discharge Cd, velocity Cv, and contraction Cc determined by several investigators are plotted logarithmically as points against Reynolds’ numbers. Curves for the coefficients drawn by the author, based on theoretical considerations, show good agreement with the experimental data, thus throwing some light upon the basic phenomena of the discharge of sharp-edged orifices. The variation of the coefficient of discharge of a circular orifice as a function of the Reynolds number is explained as a purely viscous phenomenon for low Reynolds numbers, and by means of a momentum analysis for higher speeds. The analysis presented by the author leads to the development of several formulas for the discharge coefficient, which formulas are in fair agreement with experimental results.

Theoretical Considerations of Wrinkle Recovery for Blend Fabrics

1976 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 711-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Separate Component ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Blend Proportion

A theoretical relationship is derived for the wrinkle recovery of a fabric, constructed from a blend of two fiber types, as a function of both blend proportion and the properties of the two fabrics composed entirely of each separate component. It is shown that, in general, this relationship is not linear with blend proportion, as has often been expected, but is a monotonic curve, the curvature being controlled in nature and extent by the ratio of the bending stiffnesses of the two pure fabrics (defined under certain specified experimental conditions). By suitable choice of appropriate fiber and fabric parameters, the theory suggests ways to optimize the blend proportions. The theory is successfully applied to experimental data already published for a series of wool/polyester blend fabrics.

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