Extraction of Selected Lanthanoids and Scandium with Bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogenphosphate in 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1647-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Sládek ◽  
Oldřich Navrátil ◽  
Petr Linhart
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Metal Chelates ◽  
Organic Medium ◽  
Extraction Constants ◽  
Distribution Constants ◽  
The Individual

A study was made of the extraction of Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm and Sc(III) from aqueous into organic medium of 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorodifluoroethane (CFC-112) using bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogenphosphate (HDEHP) as extracting reagent. On the basis of earlier work which demonstrated the usefulness of using this type of solvent for extractions with dibutylhydrogenphosphate (HDBP) and also the possibility of using CFC-112 for converting the metal chelates formed to the solid phase, the work was concentrated particularly on the dependence of the extraction of selected lanthanoids on the analytical concentration of HDEHP and also on the [H+] concentration. In addition the dimerization and distribution constants were determined for this reagent in a mixture of CFC-112 with benzene and the extraction constants were determined for the individual metals.

scholarly journals Extraction of Sodium Picrate by 3m-Crown-mEthers and Their Monobenzo Derivatives (m= 5, 6) into Benzene: Estimation of Their Equilibrium-Potential Differences at the Less-Polar Diluent/Water Interface by an Extraction Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Kudo ◽  
Tsubasa Nakamori ◽  
Chiya Numako
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Extraction Constants ◽  
Distribution Constants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Polar Diluent ◽  
O Phase ◽  
Complex Ion

Individual distribution constants (KD,A) of picrate ion (Pic−) and extraction constants (Kex±) of NaPic by some crown ethers (L) into benzene (Bz) at 25°C were calculated from data reported previously. These constants were defined asKD,Pic=Pic-o/[Pic-]andKex±=NaL+oPic-o/(Na+Lo[Pic-]), respectively. Here, the subscript “o” denotes an organic (o) phase and practically o = Bz. 15-Crown-5 ether (15C5), 18-crown-6 one (18C6), and their monobenzo (B) derivatives (B15C5 and B18C6) were selected as L. Interfacial equilibrium-potential differences (Δϕeq) at extraction were estimated at 298 K. A plot oflog⁡Kex±versus-Δϕeqfor the four L extraction systems gave a straight line with slope = 84 V−1. This slope was compared with those, reported before, of the dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and nitrobenzene (NB) extraction systems. The slopes of the regression lines were in the order NB < DCM ≤ DCE < Bz. Also, the individual distribution constants of the complex ionNaL+and an ion-pair complex (NaL+Pic-) into Bz phase were calculated from the above extraction data. At least, a comparison between these values suggests that Bz molecules mainly interact withNaL+moiety ofNaL+Pic-.

Examination of the Conditions of Extraction of Toxic Organic Bases and of Methods of Their Determination. III. Extraction of Ion-Associates of Dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepin

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-588
Author(s):  
Jan Souček ◽  
Ladislav Belický ◽  
Josef Havel
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Basic Dye ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Safranine T ◽  
Extraction Constants ◽  
Distribution Constants

The protonation and distribution constants of dibenz[b, f]-1,4-oxazepin (CR) were measured. This substance forms stable ion-associates with Acid Red 88, extractable into chloroform. Reextraction with an aqueous phase containing basic fuchsine or safranine T brings about exchange of the CR cation for the basic dye cation. The associates so formed exhibit higher conditional extraction constants and higher molar absorptivities than the initial associates.

Extraction of rare earth metals from trichloroacetate solutions in the presence of linear polyoxonium compounds

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1585-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Vaňura
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Separation Factor ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
Extraction Constants ◽  
Distribution Constants ◽  
Factor Α

Extraction of rare earth metals from lithium trichloroacetate solutions ( 1.20-2.88 mol l-1) with solutions of the commercial nonionic surfactant Slovafol 909 (p-nonylphenylnonaethylene glycol) in chloroform and dichloromethane was investigated. The extraction constants as well as the Slovafol 909 distribution constants were determined in the water-dichloromethane and water-chloroform systems. The lanthanide distribution ratios decrease with their atomic numbers first rather rapidly (approximately to Sm): the separation factor αSmLa = 1.54 and 1.87 in dichloromethane and in chloroform, respectively; for lanthanides with higher atomic numbers the drop is less pronounced (αLuLa = 2.42 and 2.85 in the two solvents, respectively).

Fully Automated Parallel Oligonucleotide Synthesizer

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1299-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Lebl ◽  
Christine Burger ◽  
Brett Ellman ◽  
David Heiner ◽  
Georges Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Solid Support ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Gear Pump ◽  
Oligonucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Center Of Rotation ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Design And Construction

Design and construction of automated synthesizers using the tilted plate centrifugation technology is described. Wash solutions and reagents common to all synthesized species are delivered automatically through a 96-channel distributor connected to a gear pump through two four-port selector valves. Building blocks and other specific reagents are delivered automatically through banks of solenoid valves, positioned over the individual wells of the microtiterplate. These instruments have the following capabilities: Parallel solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis in the wells of polypropylene microtiter plates, which are slightly tilted down towards the center of rotation, thus generating a pocket in each well, in which the solid support is collected during centrifugation, while the liquid is expelled from the wells. Eight microtiterplates are processed simultaneously, providing thus a synthesizer with a capacity of 768 parallel syntheses. The instruments are capable of unattended continuous operation, providing thus a capacity of over two millions 20-mer oligonucleotides in a year.

scholarly journals Can the decrease of blood alcohol level be accelerated? Results of a clinical study

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (19) ◽  
pp. 903-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Mátyus ◽  
István Horváth ◽  
János Fehér ◽  
Róbert Farkas ◽  
Veronika Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Blood Alcohol Level ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Blood Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Spectrometry Method ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Guardian Angel ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Guardian Angel powder (GA) on the blood alcohol level. According to the experimental protocol, two sets of measurement were performed: modeling the eating and drinking habit of a typical family or social meeting, alcohol containing drinks corresponding to 70 g of pure alcohol and copious amount of food were consumed first without GA powder, then with GA powder. In the latter case GA powder was dissolved in water and one dose was taken before eating, the other one was consumed during eating. Blood samples were hourly collected from the volunteers in both sets for four hours. The measurement of blood alcohol level was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method proceeding to Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME). Our results show that the blood alcohol level decreased significantly when two doses of GA powder were consumed. After two hours of taking GA powder, the blood alcohol level was significantly lower in each volunteers compared to their own blood alcohol level measured in the absence of GA powder. This result shows that the individual variation of the alcohol metabolism does not influence significantly the effect of GA powder. Further studies are needed to investigate the detailed mechanism of the action of GA powder to find out whether GA powder influences the absorption of alcohol or/and the metabolism of alcohol.

An Optical Model for Quantitative Raman Microspectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Razzell Hollis ◽  
David Rheingold ◽  
Rohit Bhartia ◽  
Luther W. Beegle
Keyword(s):  
Optical Model ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Raman Intensity ◽  
Complex Samples ◽  
Uniform Sample ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spectrometer Slit

Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable technique for identifying compounds by the unique pattern of their molecular vibrations and is capable of quantifying the individual concentrations of those compounds provided that certain parameters about the sample and instrument are known. We demonstrate the development of an optical model to describe the intensity distribution of incident laser photons as they pass through the sample volume, determine the limitations of that volume that may be detected by the spectrometer optics, and account for light absorption by molecules within the sample in order to predict the total Raman intensity that would be obtained from a given, uniform sample such as an aqueous solution. We show that the interplay between the shape and divergence of the laser beam, the position of the focal plane, and the dimensions of the spectrometer slit are essential to explaining experimentally observed trends in deep ultraviolet Raman intensities obtained from both planar and volumetric samples, including highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and binary mixtures of organic nucleotides. This model offers the capability to predict detection limits for organic compounds in different matrices based on the parameters of the spectrometer, and to define the upper/lower limits within which concentration can be reliably determined from Raman intensity for such samples. We discuss the potential to quantify more complex samples, including as solid phase mixtures of organics and minerals, that are investigated by the unique instrument parameters of the Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) investigation on the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission.

Development of a closed loop stripping analysis using solid-phase microextraction to analyze geosmin and MIB in drinking water

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.H. (Mel) Suffet ◽  
A. Bruchet ◽  
C.C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Stripping Analysis ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Concentration Levels

A novel analytical method, solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA), was introduced for the analysis of MIB and geosmin at nanogram per liter concentration levels. The optimum CLSA/SPME analysis conditions of 65 °C, 60-minute extraction time, and 0.5 M sodium sulfate were determined from a statistical design. The individual Kfw of MIB and geosmin from CLSA/SPME method was 4.21 and 4.85, and resulted an order of magnitude greater than the Kfw obtained from direct SPME method. A detection limit of 10 ng/L of MIB and geosmin was achieved by GC-MS with CLSA/SPME with a polyacrylate phase. Overall, CLSA/SPME provides a fast, solvent-free, and less labor intensive method compared to the standard CLSA. The CLSA/SPME method is a valuable alternative method for the analysis of taste-and-odor causing compounds in drinking water.

Quantitative Evaluation of the Interfacial Free Energies at A Solid-Liquid Lamellar Eutectic Interface

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Kaukler ◽  
J. W. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
Eutectic System ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Interfacial Free Energies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solid Liquid

The solid-liquid interfacial free energies of each of the individual phases comprising the eutectic system, Carbon Tetrabromide-Hexachloroethane, were measured as a function of composition using a “grain boundary groove” technique. Thermodynamic data were combined with groove shape measurements made from high resolution optical photomicrographs of the solid-liquid interfaces to give the interfacial free energy data. An interfacial free energy balance at the eutectic trijunction was performed to obtain all the forces acting on that point. The three interphase interfacial free energies at the eutectic trijunctions as well as a solid-solid phase boundary torque were evaluated.It was found that the solid-liquid interfacial free energies of the two phases of the eutectic could be evaluated from photomicrographs of growing or stationary eutectic interfaces. In addition, it was found that for a substantial range of freezing conditions the eutectic interface shape can be predicted from a knowledge of the interfacial free energies alone.

scholarly journals Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Centralized Wastewater Treatment Plant in a Chemical Industry Zone: Source, Distribution, and Removal

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Yao ◽  
Zhongjian Li ◽  
Xingwang Zhang ◽  
Lecheng Lei
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Centralized Wastewater Treatment

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) could be dissolved in wastewater or adsorbed on particulate. The fate of PCBs in wastewater is essential to evaluate the feasibility of wastewater treatment processes and the environmental risk. Here dissolved and adsorbed concentrations of twenty concerned PCB congeners and total PCBs have been measured in the centralized wastewater treatment plant of a chemical industry zone in Zhejiang, China. It was found that the dyeing chemical processes were the main source of PCBs, which contributed more than 13.6%. The most abundant PCB was PCB-11 in the liquid and solid phase of each treatment stage, accounting for more than 60% of the total 209 PCBs. Partitioning behavior of PCBs between the dissolved and adsorbed phases suggested that Di-CBs were the dominant isomers (>70%) and more than 89.8% of them was adsorbed on the particles and sludge. The total removal efficiency of∑209 PCBs was only 23.2% throughout the whole treatment process. A weak correlation was obtained between the individual PCB concentration and their log Kowin primary sedimentation, anaerobic hydrolysis, aerobic bioprocess stage, and the whole treatment process.

scholarly journals Identification of intra- and inter-individual metabolite variation in plasma metabolite profiles of cats and dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S146-S149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Colyer ◽  
Matthew S. Gilham ◽  
Beate Kamlage ◽  
Dietrich Rein ◽  
David Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Metabolome ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Single Batch

The purpose of the present study was first to identify drivers of variance in plasma metabolite profiles of cats and dogs that may affect the interpretation of nutritional metabolomic studies. A total of fourteen cats and fourteen dogs housed in environmentally enriched accommodation were fed a single batch of diet to maintain body weight. Fasting blood samples were taken on days 14, 16 and 18 of the study. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and solid-phase extraction–LC–MS/MS analyses were used for metabolite profiling. Principal component (PC) analysis that indicated 31 and 27 % of the variance was explained in PC1 and PC2 for cats and dogs, respectively, with most individuals occupying a unique space. As the individual was a major driver of variance in the plasma metabolome, the second objective was to identify metabolites associated with the individual variation observed. The proportion of intra- and inter-individual variance was calculated for 109 cat and 101 dog metabolites with a low intra-individual variance (sd< 0·05). Of these, fifteen cat and six dog metabolites had inter-individual variance accounting for at least 90 % of the total variance. There were four metabolites common to both species (campesterol, DHA, a cholestenol and a sphingosine moiety). Many of the metabolites with >75 % inter-individual variance were common to both species and to similar areas of metabolism. In summary, the individual is an important driver of variance in the fasted plasma metabolome, and specific metabolites and areas of metabolism may be differentially regulated by individuals in two companion animal species.

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