Kinetic scheme of oscillation reaction of three and four particles

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-492
Author(s):  
Antonín Tockstein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Stationary Point ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Kinetic Scheme ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oscillation Reaction ◽  
The Individual

The paper deals with four schemes, each of three out of the particles X, A, Y, C, consisting of two coupled autocatalytic blocks of the type Q→X→A→Y→C. The schemes showing relative stability of the Y particle or its dimer can exhibit a limit cycle, the other have always a stable stationary point. The scheme of four particles X, A, Y, C or dimers of particles X, Y can exhibit an unstable stationary point with the limit cycle. For the individual cases conditions were derived for the rate constants sufficient for formation of the limit cycle, and they are discussed from the point of view of available experimental data on the reaction of bromate with phenol and aniline.

The Rate-Constant for the Recombination of Methyl Radicals

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
NL Arthur ◽  
JC Biordi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methyl Radicals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Limiting Value

Rate constants for the recombination of CH3 radicals have been measured by means of the rotating sector technique in the temperature range 373- 463 K, and at a pressure of 30 Torr . CH3 radicals were produced by the photolysis of acetone, and the experimental data were fitted to sector curves generated from Shepp's theory. The results give kb = (2.81�0.22)×1013 cm3 mol-1 s-1, which, under the chosen experimental conditions, is close to its high-pressure limiting value. A comparison is made with the other values of the rate constant reported in the literature, and a best value is suggested.

Statistical Thermodynamics of Rubber. II

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick T. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
Macroscopic Theory ◽  
Hooke’S Law ◽  
Hooke's Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Made In

Abstract During recent years, considerable progress has been made in connection with theories of rubber elasticity. Two general types of theories have been advanced, one from a macroscopic point of view and the other from a molecular point of view. An example of the former is the theory of Mooney, who arrived at an equation which agrees well with observation. For molecular theories, the reader is referred to the work of Guth and Mark, Kuhn, and Pelzer, who carried through calculations of a statistical nature. More recently, the author extended the statistical theory along lines which avoided some of the earlier difficulties. In the present paper, the calculations will be carried still further, and the molecular theory will be related to the macroscopic theory of Mooney. It will also be shown theoretically that, although rubber does not obey Hooke's law for ordinary elongation, it should obey Hooke's law for shear. It will be supposed that individual rubber molecules are long chain hydrocarbons capable of assuming various lengths and shapes as a result of free rotation about carbon-to-carbon valence bonds. When a piece of rubber is under no stress, the rubber molecules have a certain distribution of shapes. When the rubber is subjected to a stress, however, the molecules assume another distribution of lower probability. The theory here advanced relates this probability to the entropy of strain, thus providing a means of arriving at the mechanical properties of rubber. Two postulates are made. (1) When a macroscopic piece of rubber is strained, the components of the lengths of the individual molecules (along some set of axes) change in the same ratio as does the corresponding dimension of the piece of rubber. (2) When a piece of rubber is elongated, no change in total volume takes place. The first assumption was made in the earlier paper of this series, whereas the second was not. Experimental support for the second postulate has been given by Holt and McPherson. Our first problem is to investigate the effect of this second assumption on the equation of state for rubber.

scholarly journals Body, Possibility and Biographical Interpretation

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-87
Author(s):  
Anabela Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Individual Interaction ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
World Perspective

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how body-representations offer an opportunity for its visual interpretation from a biographical point of view, enhancing, on the one hand, the image’s own narrative dynamics, and, on the other, the role of the body as a place of incorporation of experiences, as well as, a vehicle mediating the individual interaction with the world. Perspective founded in the works of the artists Helena Almeida and Jorge Molder, who use self-representation as an expression of these incorporated (lived) experiences, constitutes an important discursive construction and structuring of their narrative identity through visual creation, the artists enable the other with moments of sharing knowledge, creativity and subjectivity, contributing also to the construction of the contemporary, cultural and social imagery.

warning; or, on a different plane, referring to people or things, presupposing the existence of people or things or the truth of propositions, and implicating mean-ings which are not overtly expressed. The idea of uttering as acting is an impor-tant one, and it is also central to CLS in the form of the claim, that discourse is social practice. The main weakness of pragmatics from a critical point of view is its individ-ualism: ‘action’ is thought of atomistically as emanating wholly from the individ-ual, and is often conceptualized in terms of the ‘strategies’ adopted by the individual speaker to achieve her ‘goals’ or ‘intentions’. This understates the extent to which people are caught up in, constrained by, and indeed derive their individual iden-tities from social conventions, and gives the implausible impression that conven-tionalized ways of speaking or writing are ‘reinvented’ on each occasion of their use by the speaker generating a suitable strategy for her particular goals. And it correspondingly overstates the extent to which people manipulate language for strate-gic purposes. Of course, people do act strategically in certain circumstances and use conventions rather than simply following them; but in other circumstances they do simply follow them, and what one needs is a theory of social action – social practice – which accounts for both the determining effect of conventions and the strategic creativity of individual speakers, without reducing practice to one or the other. The individuals postulated in pragmatics, moreover, are generally assumed to be involved in cooperative interactions whose ground rules they have equal con-trol over, and to which they are able to contribute equally. Cooperative interac-tion between equals is elevated into a prototype for social interaction in general, rather than being seen as a form of interaction whose occurrence is limited and socially constrained. The result is an idealized and Utopian image of verbal inter-action which is in stark contrast with the image offered by CLS of a sociolinguistic order moulded in social struggles and riven with inequalities of power. Pragmatics often appears to describe discourse as it might be in a better world, rather than discourse as it is. Pragmatics is also limited in having been mainly developed with reference to single invented utterances rather than real extended discourse, and central notions like ‘speech act’ have turned out to be problematic when people try to use them to analyse real discourse. Finally, Anglo-American pragmatics bears the scars of the way in which it has developed in relation to ‘linguistics proper’. While it has provided a space for investigating the interdependence of language and social con-text which was not available before its inception, it is a strictly constrained space, for pragmatics tends to be seen as an additional ‘level’ of language study which fills in gaps left by the more ‘core’ levels of grammar and semantics. Social con-text is acknowledged but kept in its place, which does it less than justice.

2005 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theory Of Social Action

Religionsunterricht in Ostdeutschland. Zu alten und neuen Herausforderungen

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Michael Domsgen ◽  
Frank M. Lütze
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
East Germany ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Instruction ◽  
Individual School ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Religious education in East Germany is religious education in the plural. Different models stand side by side. Acceptance and structural anchoring in the individual school types also vary. Nevertheless, unifying challenges can be identified that need to be addressed. They make it clear that there is a need for a further development or readjustment of the models of religious instruction that on the one hand satisfies the positionality of religiosity, which is so important from the point of view of religious didactics, and on the other hand is capable of absorbing religious diversity and secularity on the part of students inside.

scholarly journals Rhodopsin photoproducts and rod sensitivity in the skate retina.

1977 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
K P Brin ◽  
H Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermal Reactions ◽  
Rate Of Recovery ◽  
Spectral Absorbance ◽  
Kinetics Of

The late photoproducts that result from the isomerization of rhodopsin have been identified in the isolated all-rod retina of the skate by means of rapid spectrophotometry. The sequence in which these intermediates form and decay could be described by a scheme that incorporates two pathways for the degradation of metarhodopsin II (MII) to retinol: one via metarhodopsin III (MIII) and the other (which bypasses MIII) through retinal. Computer simulation of the model yielded rate constants and spectral absorbance coefficients for the late photoproducts which fit experimental data obtained at temperatures ranging from 7 degrees C to 27 degrees C. Comparing the kinetics of the thermal reactions with the changes in rod threshold that occur during dark adaptation indicated that the decay of MII and the fall in receptor thresholds exhibit similarities with regard to their temperature dependence. However, the addition of 2 mM hydroxylamine to a perfusate bathing the retina greatly accelerated the photochemical reactions, but had no significant effect on the rate of recovery of rod sensitivity. It appears, therefore, that the late bleaching intermediates do not control the sensitivities of skate rods during dark adaptation.

Approach to the Theory of Separating Columns with Successive Exchange between three Fluids

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Palibroda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Isotopic Equilibrium ◽  
Two Fluids ◽  
Countercurrent Exchange

COHEN’S method has been used to develop the theory of cotinuous separating columns with successive exchange between three fluids. The equations of the column have been solved for stationary state and small concentrations. The general solutions representing the dependence of the mole fractions of the desired isotope in the three fluids on the column height involve the following particular cases: concurrent and countercurrent exchange between two fluids and two limiting cases of exchange between three fluids in which the intermediate fluid is at isotopic equilibrium with one of the other two fluids. As a general feature of the columns with successive exchange between three fluids it has been found that the ratio of the driving forces corresponding to the fluid pairs between which the mass-transfer takes place has a constant value along the column, excepting a zone situated at the bottom. Methods to calculate the rate constants from experimental data are given.

scholarly journals How to Stay Ahead of the Pack: Optimal Road Cycling Strategies for two Cooperating Riders

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolf ◽  
D. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWithin road-cycling, the optimization of performance using mathematical models has primarily been performed in the individual time trial. Nevertheless, most races are 'mass-start' events in which many riders compete at the same time. In some special situations, e.g. breakaways from the peloton, the riders are forced to team up. To simulate those cooperative rides of two athletes, an extension of models and optimization approaches for individual time trials is presented. A slipstream model based on experimental data is provided to simulate the physical interaction between the two riders. In order to simulate real world behavior, a penalty for the difference in the exertion levels of the two riders is introduced. This means, that even though both riders aim to be as fast as possible as a group, neither of them should have an advantage over the other because of significantly different levels of fatigue during the ride. In our simulations, the advantage of cooperation of two equally trained athletes adds up to a time gain of about 10% compared to an individual ride.

TYPOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES IN UZBEK AND TURKISH STORIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (04) ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
Gulnoz Yunus Sattorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Literacy Process ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

The process of globalization have a profound effect on the economy and politics of all countries, as well as on national cultural aspects. This process is changing the inner and outer nature of every nation. The changing world as a result of globalization, the individual, the problems that arise in the life of every nation as a result of its influence; news about what is happening; one of the most important tasks of literary criticism is the reflection of the contemporary image of those who are in search of solutions to their problems, from one side, in the literacy literature, from the other side, in the literacy process, from the scientific point of view. Although works of art are created in a particular language, over time, they also “move” to other languages, inviting different nations to kindness and mutual love. For the original works of literature, time and place cannot be maintained. For them, religious beliefs and boundaries between countries can never be the “Great Chinese Wall” because they embodied the divine miracle power of the word.

MNDO conformations of chloromethyloxirane and solvent effect

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3199-3205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Tvaroška
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solvation Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Single Bond ◽  
Chloromethyl Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gauche Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semi Empirical

Structure of chloromethyloxirane during rotation around the C-C single bond connecting oxirane ring and chloromethyl group has been studied theoretically in twelve solvents. Molecular characteristics and energy of the isolated molecule have been calculated by the semi-empirical MNDO method of molecular orbitals. The MNDO calculation predicts the existence of only two synclinal conformers G-1 and G-2, more stable being the less polar G-2, μ = 2.39 . 10-30 mC. However, the calculation carried out for dilute solutions including the solvation energy by the method of continuum reveals the presence of the third, antiperiplanar conformer T, μ = 9.26 . 10-30 mC. Populations of the individual conformers depend considerably on solvent, the most stable in ethanol being G-1, μ = 11.06 . 10-30 mC. The results obtained are compared with experimental data and also discussed from the point of view of the gauche effect.

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