Kinematic viscosities of acetone, vinyl acetate, crotonaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride and their binary and ternary mixtures

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3508-3516
Author(s):  
Pavol Škubla ◽  
Walter Waradzin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Exponential Form ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures

Kinematic viscosities of acetone, vinyl acetate, crotonaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, their binary mixtures and two ternary mixtures (acetone-vinyl acetate-acetic acid and vinyl acetate-acetic acid-acetic anhydride) were measured. The values of coefficients of the Linke, McAllister, and Chandramouli-Laddha equations were calculated. The temperature dependence of the coefficients of last two equations can be expressed in terms of a function in exponential form, coefficients of which are tabulated.

Catalytic hydrogenation of binary and ternary mixtures of unsaturated substances in the liquid phase on platinum

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 2378-2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Červený ◽  
Radka Junová ◽  
Vlastimil Růžička
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Ternary Systems ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Unsaturated Alcohol ◽  
Solvent Concentration ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Hydrogenation Selectivity

Hydrogenation of olefinic substrates in binary and ternary mixtures using 5% Pt on silica gel as the catalyst was studied in normal conditions in the liquid phase with methanol or cyclohexane or in solvent-free systems. The effect of the solvent concentration on the selectivity of hydrogenation of the unsaturated alcohol-olefin binary mixtures was investigated. In ternary systems of unsaturated substrates, the effect of each of the substrates on the selectivity of hydrogenation of the remaining two substances was examined. Another system was found in which a jump change of the hydrogenation selectivity occurred on the vanishing of the fastest reacting substance.

The Limited Capacity of Humans to Identify the Components of Taste Mixtures and Taste – Odour Mixtures

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3205 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Laing ◽  
Catherine Link ◽  
Anthony L Jinks ◽  
Ian Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Olfactory Stimulus ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures

The capacity of humans to identify the components of taste mixtures and odour – taste mixtures was investigated in two experiments. Subjects were trained to identify the components presented alone and to use a ‘yes/no’ procedure to identify them in mixtures. All stimuli were presented with a retronasal (by mouth) technique. A maximum of three tastants were identified in both types of mixtures, only one tastant was identified in five-component taste mixtures, and no component was identified in four-component odour – taste mixtures. Importantly, in no instance was the olfactory stimulus identified in any mixture with tastes, including binary mixtures. Loss of identity of the odorant in binary and ternary mixtures may have been due to suppression as a consequence of temporal processing, or to the absence of an association between the odorant and tastants that had established an identifiable percept. In contrast, poor identification of the components of the quaternary odour – taste mixture and quinternary taste mixture is attributed to the limited capacity of working memory. Overall, the poorer ability to identify components in odour–taste mixtures than in taste mixtures indicates that interactions occurred between the two senses, challenging the proposal that odours and tastes are processed independently when present in complex chemosensory stimuli.

scholarly journals Molecular Dynamics Calculation Of Thermodiffusion Coefficients In Binary And Ternary Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Hoda Mozaffari
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Non Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics

Thermodiffusion phenomenon in fluid mixtures has been investigated by several scientists in theoretical as well as experimental fields for decades. Nevertheless, due to shortcomings of both methods, interest in searching for alternative approaches to shed some light on molecular scale of the phenomenon has spurred. The objective of this thesis is to develop an accurate molecular dynamics (MD) algorithm that can predict thermodiffusive separation in binary and ternary fluid mixtures. More importantly, the proposed algorithm should be computationally efficient in order to be suitable for integration into multi-scale computational models to simulate thermodiffusion in a large system such as an oil reservoir. In developing such an effective and efficient computational tool, this thesis introduces a modified heat exchange algorithms, wherein, a new mechanism is introduced to rescale velocities which curbs the energy loss in the system and at the same time minimizes the computational time. The performance of the new algorithm in studying Soret effect for binary and ternary mixtures has been compared with other non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) models including regular heat exchange algorithm (HEX) and reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD). Different types of binary mixtures were studied including one equimolar mixture of argon (Ar)-krypton (Kr) above its triple point, non-equimolar normal alkane mixtures of hexane (nC6)-decane (nC10) as well as hexane (nC6)-dodecane (nC12) for six compositions, three non-equimolar mixtures of pentane (nC5) decane (nC10) at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Additionally, the new algorithm was validated for different ternary mixtures including ternary normal alkanes methane (nC1)-butane (nC4)- dodecane (nC12) for three compositions, and one composition of different types of alkane mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (THN)-dodecane (nC12)-sobutylbenzene (IBB). The new algorithm demonstrates a significant improvement in reducing the energy loss by nearly 32%. Additionally, the new algorithm is about 7-9% more computationally efficient than the regular HEX for medium and large systems. In terms of direction of thermodiffusive segregations in binary mixtures, in agreement with the experimental data, the new algorithm shows that the heavier component moves towards the cold region whereas the lighter component accumulates near the hot zone. Additionally, the strength of segregation process diminishes as the concentration of heavy component in the mixture increases. The new algorithm improved the prediction of thermodiffusion factor in binary mixtures by 24% in binary mixtures. With respect to the ternary mixtures, similarly to binary mixtures the heaviest and lightest component in the mixture move towards, cold and hot zones, respectively. While the intermediate component shows the least tendency to segregate. In terms of the strength of Soret effect, the new algorithm is about 17% more accurate than the regular HEX algorithm with respect to experimental data.

scholarly journals Molecular Dynamics Calculation Of Thermodiffusion Coefficients In Binary And Ternary Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Hoda Mozaffari
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Non Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics

Thermodiffusion phenomenon in fluid mixtures has been investigated by several scientists in theoretical as well as experimental fields for decades. Nevertheless, due to shortcomings of both methods, interest in searching for alternative approaches to shed some light on molecular scale of the phenomenon has spurred. The objective of this thesis is to develop an accurate molecular dynamics (MD) algorithm that can predict thermodiffusive separation in binary and ternary fluid mixtures. More importantly, the proposed algorithm should be computationally efficient in order to be suitable for integration into multi-scale computational models to simulate thermodiffusion in a large system such as an oil reservoir. In developing such an effective and efficient computational tool, this thesis introduces a modified heat exchange algorithms, wherein, a new mechanism is introduced to rescale velocities which curbs the energy loss in the system and at the same time minimizes the computational time. The performance of the new algorithm in studying Soret effect for binary and ternary mixtures has been compared with other non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) models including regular heat exchange algorithm (HEX) and reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD). Different types of binary mixtures were studied including one equimolar mixture of argon (Ar)-krypton (Kr) above its triple point, non-equimolar normal alkane mixtures of hexane (nC6)-decane (nC10) as well as hexane (nC6)-dodecane (nC12) for six compositions, three non-equimolar mixtures of pentane (nC5) decane (nC10) at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Additionally, the new algorithm was validated for different ternary mixtures including ternary normal alkanes methane (nC1)-butane (nC4)- dodecane (nC12) for three compositions, and one composition of different types of alkane mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (THN)-dodecane (nC12)-sobutylbenzene (IBB). The new algorithm demonstrates a significant improvement in reducing the energy loss by nearly 32%. Additionally, the new algorithm is about 7-9% more computationally efficient than the regular HEX for medium and large systems. In terms of direction of thermodiffusive segregations in binary mixtures, in agreement with the experimental data, the new algorithm shows that the heavier component moves towards the cold region whereas the lighter component accumulates near the hot zone. Additionally, the strength of segregation process diminishes as the concentration of heavy component in the mixture increases. The new algorithm improved the prediction of thermodiffusion factor in binary mixtures by 24% in binary mixtures. With respect to the ternary mixtures, similarly to binary mixtures the heaviest and lightest component in the mixture move towards, cold and hot zones, respectively. While the intermediate component shows the least tendency to segregate. In terms of the strength of Soret effect, the new algorithm is about 17% more accurate than the regular HEX algorithm with respect to experimental data.

scholarly journals Forage Yield and the Quality of Perennial Legume-Grass Mixtures under Rainfed Conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebahattin ALBAYRAK ◽  
Mevlüt TÜRK ◽  
Osman YÜKSEL ◽  
Murat YILMAZ
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Perennial Legume ◽  
High Forage

This study was performed to determine suitable perennial forage species and their mixtures for the establishment of short-term artificial pastures under rainfed conditions in Turkey. The study was conducted from 2008 through 2010. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa Lam.), brome grass (Bromus inermis Leys.), intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host). Beauv.), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.) and their binary and ternary mixtures were used as experimental material. The study found significant differences in yield and quality among the forage mixtures investigated. Sainfoin + bromegrass + crested wheatgrass and sainfoin + crested wheatgrass mixtures gave the highest dry matter yield (8.36 and 7.75 t/ha, respectively). Binary and ternary mixtures of alfalfa + grasses had higher crude protein levels and lower values of ADF and NDF content than mixtures of sainfoin + grasses. Pure alfalfa (56.64%) and binary mixtures of alfalfa + grasses (53.53 to 54.28%) had the highest TDN values. The relative feed values of the mixtures ranged from 95.64 to 112.58. The results of the study indicated that alfalfa and sainfoin binary mixtures with grasses may both be used to establish artificial pastures in similar ecologies owing to their high forage yield and quality.

The thermal conductivity of mixtures of nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen

1961 ◽  
Vol 263 (1313) ◽  
pp. 161-188 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Limits Of Error ◽  
Thermal Conductivities

The thermal conductivity of binary and ternary mixtures of nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen has been measured at temperatures in the range 25 to 149°C. The apparatus used was of the hot wire type as modified by Callear & Robb, with accommodation effects almost eliminated by the use as thermometer not of the same wire as served as a source of heat but of a second wire. The accuracy of measurement was about 1% . For every binary mixture the dependence of thermal conductivity on composition (expressed in terms of mole fractions) was far from linear, and for mixtures of nitrogen and ammonia there was a composition for which the thermal conductivity was a maximum. A comparison with results obtained by earlier workers showed that the measurements of Gruss & Schmick for mixtures containing ammonia are reliable, as are those of Wassiljewa for mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen, but the results of Ibbs & Hirst for mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen are to be rejected. The dependence of the thermal conductivity K on the mole fractions x i has been discussed in terms of the equation K = Ʃ i { K i /(1 + Ʃ j A ij x j / x i )} due to Wassiljewa. This equation, with A ij assumed independent of composition, represented the results for binary mixtures excellently. Within the limits of error attainable experimentally, there was no discernible dependence of A ij on temperature. An extrapolation of the present results to higher temperatures should therefore be fairly reliable; the thermal conductivities of the pure components are the only quantities which would have to be measured at the high temperatures concerned. A semi-empirical rule, due to Lindsay & Bromley, for predicting values of A ij , was found to give satisfactory results. The remarkably wide applicability of this rule to mixtures of polyatomic gases has been discussed. The results for N 2 + H 2 at the lowest temperature (25°C) have also been compared with the more rigorous theory of Hirschfelder. Wassiljewa’s equation, with values of A ij derived from the results for binary mixtures, gives almost as good an account of ternary mixtures, though there appear to be significant, if small, discrepancies. It follows that measurements on binary mixtures suffice to predict with reasonable accuracy the thermal conductivity of ternary mixtures. This, coupled with the approximate temperature independence of A ij , has important implications. For example, in combustion problems reliable estimates of thermal conductivities of mixtures at elevated temperatures are constantly needed.

scholarly journals Utilization of hydralazine hydrochloride in the Potentiometric Determination of Osmium(VIII): Analysis of Binary and Ternary Mixtures

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-374
Author(s):  
A. Amin ◽  
H. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Indicator Electrode ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Hydralazine Hydrochloride

A simple, rapid and accurate potentiolnetric method is described for tliedetermination of Os(VIII) in tlie co~icentrationr ange 0.4-4.0 mg/ml. Tlie method isbased on tlie addition of hydralazine hydrochloride to Os(VIII) to reduce it to Os(IV). The excess of hydralazine hydrocliloridew as oxidized by iodine dissolved ill acetic acid. The liberated iodide was then potentiometrically titrated against mercury(II) using silver amalgam as the indicator electrode. The potential of this method for sime- microdetermination is important in practical applications where tlie above reaction should proceed quantitatively towards completion. The relative standard deviation for six replicate deterinination of osmium(VIII) in binary andternary mixtures without the need for extraction or heating.

Viscosity of binary and tertinary liquid nonelectrolyte mixtures. Comparison of correlation equations and analysis of viscosity curves

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Škubla
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Correlation Equations ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures

The derived equations for correlation of viscosity of binary and ternary mixtures were tested and compared with those of McAllister, Chandramouli and Laddha. Testing on a large number of experimental data revealed that the equations for correlation of viscosity of binary mixtures are approximately as accurate as the equation of McAllister. On adding another coefficient, the relative deviations are lowered by 26-40%. Equations for correlation of viscosity of ternary mixtures are about as accurate as the equation of Chandramouli and Laddha. Analysis of viscosity curves of binary mixtures revealed a correlation between their form and the chemical nature of the components of the mixture.

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