Electrophilic additions to 10β-vinyl cholestane derivatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2994-3019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský ◽  
Ivo Starý ◽  
František Tureček ◽  
Vladimír Hanuš
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Markovnikov Rule ◽  
Vinyl Group ◽  
Electrophilic Additions

Hypobromous acid addition to steroid dienes I-VI proceeds in four steps. The reaction commences by the attack on more reactive endocyclic double bond from the α-side yielding intermediary diaxial bromohydrins XXVIII, XXXIV, XL, XLIV, L and LVI via corresponding α-bromonium ions. The 10β-vinyl group of the bromohydrins then reacts with a second equivalent of the reagent forming transient 19-epimeric bromonium ions. The ions generated from I, II, V and VI are cleaved intramolecularly by the hydroxyl group, in accordance with the Markovnikov rule, giving rise to 19-epimeric dibromo epoxides XXXIa and XXXIIa, XXXVII and XXXVIII, LIIIa and LIVa, LIX and LX. By contrast, the ions generated from III and IV are cleaved in an anti-Markovnikov manner to yield dibromo epoxides XLII, XLVII and XLVIII. Products due to formation of a new C-C bond were not observed. The reaction mechanism and differences in the behaviour of the dienes I-VI are discussed.

Neighboring group participation in electrophilic additions: The role of Markovnikov and Fürst-Plattner rule in hypobromous acid addition to 5,6-unsaturated cholestane derivatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3618-3628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Unsaturated Alcohol ◽  
Neighboring Group ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Neighboring Group Participation ◽  
Electrophilic Additions

On reaction with hypobromous acid, the unsaturated alcohol IIIa yields the diequatorial bromo epoxide XIX arising from the 5α,6α-bromonium ion XVIIIa on cleavage at C(5) by 19b-hydroxyl group with 6(O)n participation. By contrast, the bromonium ion XVIIIb generated from the unsaturated methyl ether IIIb is cleaved by water as external nucleophile to yield the unstable diaxial bromohydrin XX which undergoes cyclization to the oxirane derivative XXI. A comparison with the reaction course in homologs of the type I and II permits the conclusion that the change in regioselectivity, generally possible outcome of the 5(O)n participation, is only possible for the 6(O)n process if the participating group is a hydroxyl.

Participation of 19-substituents in electrophilic additions. influence of 3β-substitution on hypobromous acid addition to 5,6-unsaturated steroids

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 3023-3029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský ◽  
Václav Černý
Keyword(s):  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Electrophilic Additions ◽  
Competing Reactions

Reactions of 19-hydroxy-, methoxy- and acetoxy-5-cholestenes Ia, IIa, IIIa were studied and compared with those previously obtained with analogous 3β-acetoxy-19-substituted 5-cholestenes Ib, IIb, IIIc. A marked difference was found in 19-acetoxy derivatives where the 3-unsubstituted compound IIIa yields exclusively the bromohydrin XVIa as a product of 6(O)π,n participation while the 3β-acetoxy derivative IIIb gives, apart from the analogous bromohydrin XVIb, also products of competing reactions: The epoxide XIIb and the bromohydrin XIIIb.

Participation by some oxygen containing groups in hypobromous acid addition to double bond

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3660-3673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Relative Reactivity ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Electron Withdrawing Substituents

5(O)n and 6(O)π,n participations by some oxygen containing functional groups in the course of reaction with hypobromous acid have been studied on olefinic models of steroid type (I and II). The ability of these groups to participate has been compared on the basis of their relative reactivity with water (as externally attacking nucleophile) competing with participation. The results of the product analysis show that the ability to react with 5(O)n participation decreases in the order HO > CH3O ≃ CH3OCH2O > CH3CO2 > HCO2 > CH3SO3 ≥ (C2H5O)2PO2 > C6H5CO2 > O2NO ≫ CF3CO2, C2H5OCO2; in the last two functional groups is this ability completely suppressed. The 6(O)π,n participation comes in consideration only for compounds of the type II bearing the groups with the -X=O moiety which are ordered in the following sequence: C2H5OCO2 ≃ CH3CO2 ≥ (C2H5O)2PO2 > HCO2 > C6H5CO2. The remaining functional groups (CF3CO2, O2NO and CH3SO3do not undergo this process. Generally, it is valid that introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents into a participating group impedes or completely suppresses its ability to participate.

Synthesis of 14-deoxy-14α-strophanthidol

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský ◽  
Václav Černý
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Acetoxy Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid

A thirteen-step synthesis of 3β,5,19-trihydroxy-5β, 14α-card-20(22)-enolide (I, title compound) from 3β-acetoxy-5-pregnen-20-one (V) is described. A characteristic feature of this approach is the introduction of the 5β-hydroxyl group by hypobromous acid addition to the 5,6-unsaturated-19-acetoxy derivative XV which proceeds with 6(O)π n participation of the acetoxy group (XV(r)XVI(r)XVII).

Synthesis of 3,4-, 4,5- and 5,6-unsaturated 19-substituted cholestane derivatives and related epoxides

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 3008-3022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Unsaturated Compound ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid

Starting from the 5,6-unsaturated compound X, 19-hydroxy-, 19-methoxy and 19-acetoxy derivatives with the double bond in positions 5,6- (XIV-XVI), 4,5- (XXI-XXIII) and 3,4- (XXX, XXXIII, XXXIV) were prepared by stepwise transposition of the 5,6-double bond. The route to 4,5-unsaturated steroids involves hypobromous acid addition (XVI → XVIII) followed by reductive removal of bromine and dehydration (XIX → XXI), Transposition of the 4,5-double bond to the 3,4-position is based on the conversion of the 4,5-olefin into 4β-alcohol (XXIII → XXVII) and pyrolysis of its benzoate (XXVIII → XXX).

Acetoxyl group as control element in electrophilic addition: Participation by acetoxy group and its competition with other participating groups in hypobromous acid addition to some 5-cholestene derivatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3629-3642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kočovský
Keyword(s):  
Electrophilic Addition ◽  
Acetoxy Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Hypobromous Acid ◽  
Contrast Inversion

The 3β-acetoxy cholestene II (with nonparticipating group at the position 19) is known to be attacked with hypobromous acid predominantly from α-site which results in formation of the diaxial bromohydrin XIV. By contrast, inversion of configuration of the 3-acetoxy group leads to a dramatic change in the reaction course: the 3α-acetoxycholestene derivative VIII is preferentially approached by the electrophile from β-site to give the corresponding 5β,6β-bromonium ion XXVII which on cleavage with 6(O)π,n participation by the 3α-acetoxyl yields two products XXIX and XXXI When hydroxy and acetoxy groups can compete in 5(O)n or 6(O)π,n processes, only hydroxyl group participation takes place (IX → XXV and XI → XXXIV). Two acetoxy groups in X compete successfully in 6(O)π,n processes (X → XXXVII + XLI).

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