Calculation of the phase diagram for the system water-dimethyl sulphoxide

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1936-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Horsák ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical Reaction ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases ◽  
System Water

Liquidus curves of the phase diagram for the system water-dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) have been calculated in such a way as to give a good fit to experimental data for the phase diagram. The calculation is based on the assumption of an equilibrium chemical reaction yielding DMSO.3 H2O, and on the relation for the excess Gibbs energy in a ternary system composed of the two starting components and their compound. The data for the temperature dependence of the difference in the heat capacities of the liquid and solid phases of the pure components in the supercooling region have been obtained by extrapolation of experimental data in the case of DMSO, and for water by adopting published data measured down to -40 °C and by estimating their further trend.

Soil and Plant Water

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Tinker ◽  
Peter Nye
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Energy State ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electrically Charged ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases

Water is of central importance in the transport of solutes, whether by diffusion or mass flow, and whether in soils or plants (Lösch 1995). It is also extremely important for the biota that live in the soil (Parr et al. 1981). Water is an unusual component of the environment, because its structure suggests it should be a gas at normal temperatures rather than a liquid, and it is the only common compound in the biosphere that occurs to a significant extent in the vapour, liquid and solid phases. We begin this chapter with a very brief statement of the thermodynamic approach to the study of water, which defines the water potential. Without an understanding of chemical potentials, it is difficult to deal with the relationships of ions and water in the soil and the plant. Therefore, in this chapter we give an introduction to this subject with special reference to water, which we then take further in chapters 4 and 5. A clear exposition of this is given in Nobel (1991). The concept of chemical potential is fundamental. It is a measure of the energy state of a particular compound in a particular system, and hence of the ability of a unit amount of the compound to perform work and thereby cause change. In particular, the difference in potential at different points in a system gives a measure of the tendency of the component to move from the region with the high potential to the region with the low potential. A component of a system can have various forms of potential energy in this sense, all of which contribute to the total chemical potential. Here, we exclude chemical reaction energy and kinetic energy. The main forms of energy that contribute to the chemical potential of a specified compound or material are due to its concentration (which may release energy on dilution), to its compression (which may perform work on expansion), to its position in an electrical field (which may release energy if the component is electrically charged and moves within the field), and to its position in the gravitational field (which may release energy as the component moves downwards).

Equilibrium between the liquid and solid phases in the system water-organic solvent-salt

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
T. M. Lesteva ◽  
V. I. Chernaya ◽  
O. S. Karchmarchik
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases ◽  
System Water

scholarly journals Methods to Determine Characteristics of AOD-Converter Decarburization-Slags

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Patrik Ternstedt ◽  
Gunilla Runnsjö ◽  
Anders Tilliander ◽  
Jesper Janis ◽  
Nils Å. I. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measured Data ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Argon Oxygen Decarburization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Industrial Samples ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases ◽  
Aod Slag ◽  
Good Agreement

Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) converter slags are known to consist of both liquid and solid phases, but limited information on the slag characteristics has been published in the open literature. Therefore, a new methodology to study the characteristics of slag samples taken from the AOD converter process during production was developed based on petrography. The results show that the preparations of the slag samples using the borax method are suitable to use when determining the chemical composition of AOD slag samples using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The results also showed that both the light optical microscopy (LOM) method and a method combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) can be used to characterize the slag samples and that the correlation between the methods was found to be good. This means that it is possible to use the faster LOM method instead of the more complicated SEM-EDS method to characterize AOD slag samples. Finally, the results show that the difference between calculated values based on stoichiometry and measured data for Ca and Cr in AOD slags are 11.7 mass% and 11.3 mass%, respectively. This is considered to be a good agreement for industrial samples.

scholarly journals Solution of the direct alloy solidification problem including the phenomenon of material shrinkage

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 Part A) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Hetmaniok ◽  
Damian Słota ◽  
Adam Zielonka
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Heat Of Fusion ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Mass Balance Equation ◽  
Direct Alloy ◽  
Solidification Problem ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Account Due ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases

In the paper we describe the solution technique for solving the direct problem of the alloy solidifying within the casting mould with the phenomenon of material shrinkage taken into account. Due to the difference between densities of the liquid and solid phases, the shrinkage of metal often appears during the solidification. The investigated process is modeled by means of the solidification in the temperature interval basing on the heat conduction equation with the source element enclosed which includes the latent heat of fusion and the volume contribution of solid phase. Whereas the shrinkage of metal is modeled by the proper application of the mass balance equation.

scholarly journals Epistemic values of quantity and variety of evidence in biological mechanism research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Chung Au
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Biological Mechanism ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Difference Making ◽  
Mechanism Research ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThis paper proposes an extended version of the interventionist account for causal inference in the practical context of biological mechanism research. This paper studies the details of biological mechanism researchers’ practices of assessing the evidential legitimacy of experimental data, arguing why quantity and variety are two important criteria for this assessment. Because of the nature of biological mechanism research, the epistemic values of these two criteria result from the independence both between the causation of data generation and the causation in question and between different interventions, not techniques. The former independence ensures that the interventions in the causation in question are not affected by the causation that is responsible for data generation. The latter independence ensures the reliability of the final mechanisms not only in the empirical but also the formal aspects. This paper first explores how the researchers use quantity to check the effectiveness of interventions, where they at the same time determine the validity of the difference-making revealed by the results of interventions. Then, this paper draws a distinction between experimental interventions and experimental techniques, so that the reliability of mechanisms, as supported by the variety of evidence, can be safely ensured in the probabilistic sense. The latter process is where the researchers establish evidence of the mechanisms connecting the events of interest. By using case studies, this paper proposes to use ‘intervention’ as the fruitful connecting point of literature between evidence and mechanisms.

Complex investigation of the thermal and electrophysical properties of refractory oxides in the liquid and solid phases

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-337
Author(s):  
�. �. Shpil'rain ◽  
D. N. Kagan ◽  
L. S. Barkhatov ◽  
L. I. Zhmakin ◽  
V. V. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Electrophysical Properties ◽  
Complex Investigation ◽  
Refractory Oxides ◽  
Solid Phases ◽  
Liquid And Solid Phases

Dose-window dependence on Si crystal orientation in separation by implanted oxygen substrate formation

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3607-3613 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Iikawa ◽  
M. Nakao ◽  
K. Izumi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Oxygen Ion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Good Agreement

Separation by implemented oxygen (SIMOX)(111) substrates have been formed by oxygen-ion (16O+) implantation into Si(111), showing that a so-called “dose-window” at 16O+-implantation into Si differs from Si(100) to Si(111). In SIMOX(100), an oxygen dose of 4 × 1017/cm2 into Si(100) is widely recognized as the dose-window when the acceleration energy is 180 keV. For the first time, our work shows that an oxygen dose of 5 × 1017/cm2 into Si(111) is the dose-window for the formation of SIMOX(111) substrates when the acceleration energy is 180 keV. The difference between dose-windows is caused by anisotropy of the crystal orientation during growth of the faceted buried SiO2. We also numerically analyzed the data at different oxidation velocities for each facet of the polyhedral SiO2 islands. Numerical analysis results show good agreement with the experimental data.

Determination of Resistance to Abrasive Wear. VIII. Influence of Softeners in Tests with the Akron-Croydon and Du Pont Machines

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
J. F. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
Abrasive Power ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abrasion Testing

Abstract These experiments indicate that softeners can influence abrasion resistance, as measured by laboratory machines, in some manner other than by altering the stress-strain properties of the rubber. One possible explanation is that the softener acts as a lubricant to the abrasive surface. Since this surface, in laboratory abrasion-testing machines, is relatively small, and comes repeatedly into contact with the rubber under test, it seems possible that it may become coated with a thin layer of softener that reduces its abrasive power. It would be interesting in this connection to try an abrasive machine in which a long continuous strip of abrasive material was used, no part of it being used more than once, so as to eliminate or minimize this lubricating effect. The fact that the effect of the softener is more pronounced on the du Pont than on the Akron-Croydon machine lends support to the lubrication hypothesis, because on the former machine the rate of wear per unit area of abrasive is much greater. Thus in the present tests the volume of rubber abraded per hr. per sq. cm. of abrasive surface ranges from 0.03 to 0.11 cc. on the du Pont machine and from 0.0035 to 0.0045 cc. on the Akron-Croydon machine. On the other hand, if the softener acts as a lubricant, it would be expected to reduce considerably the friction between the abrasive and the rubber and hence the energy used in dragging the rubber over the abrasive surface. The energy figures given in the right-hand columns of Tables 1 and 3, however, show that there is relatively little variation between the different rubbers. As a test of the lubrication hypothesis, it would be of interest to vary the conditions of test so that approximately the same amount of rubber per unit area of abrasive is abraded in a given time on both machines; this should show whether the phenomena observed under the present test conditions are due solely to the difference in rate of wear or to an inherent difference in the type of wear on the two machines. This could most conveniently be done by considerably reducing the load on the du Pont machine. In the original work on this machine the load was standardized at 8 pounds, but no figures are quoted to show how abrasion loss varies with the load. As an addition to the present investigation, it is proposed to examine the effect of this variation with special reference to rubbers containing various amounts and types of softener. Published data on the influence of softeners on the road wear of tire rubbers do not indicate anything like such large effects as are shown by the du Pont machine. This throws some doubt on the value of this machine for testing tire tread rubbers, a conclusion which is confirmed by information obtained from other workers.

The Tensile Property of the SPF/Cotton Blended Yarn

2011 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Qing Bin Yang ◽  
Xiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Tensile Property ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Blended Yarn ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In order to analysis the relationship between the strength and elongation and the blended ratio of SPF/Cotton blended yarn, the strength and elongation of SPF /cotton blended yarn with different blended ratio were measured and compared with the simple model. The results indicated that For the SPF/cotton blended yarn, the difference between the experimental data and the model value is remarkable because of the high cohesion of the cotton fibers.

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