Determination of rate constants of a homogeneous oxidation-reduction reaction assuming non-ideal behaviour of the indicator electrode

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 3016-3023 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tockstein ◽  
F. Skopal
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constants ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Indicator Electrode ◽  
Homogeneous Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Reaction

scholarly journals Total Phenolic Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Lithuanian Propolis Solutions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Ramanauskienė ◽  
Asta Marija Inkėnienė ◽  
Vilma Petrikaitė ◽  
Vitalis Briedis
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Reaction

The manufacture of ethanol-free propolis solutions offers a broader application. A few trials with Lithuanian propolis have been conducted. The aims of the study are to manufacture propolis water and water-free solutions and evaluate the quality and antimicrobial activity of these solutions. The studied solutions containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% propolis are prepared. As solvents, purified water, 70% v/v ethanol, 96.3% v/v ethanol, propylene glycol, and their systems were used. Determination of total levels of phenolic compounds (FAE mg/g) is based on colour oxidation-reduction reaction using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent under alkaline conditions and performed at 765 nm wavelength using UV spectrophotometer. The highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in solutions containing 10% propolis extracts, and the lowest amounts in 2.5% propolis extracts. The water extracted the lowest amount of phenolic compounds from crude propolis, ethanol extracted the highest amount, and propylene glycol ranked the middle position. It is determined that technological parameters (stirring, temperature) contribute to content of phenolic compounds. During microbiological study, MICs were determined. The studies showed that water extracted propolis solutions and solvents mixture did not inhibit the growth of the studied microorganisms, and propolis solutions in propylene glycol were found to have antimicrobial activity.

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