Tectonic and paleoenvironmental controls on the distribution and properties of Upper Cretaceous coals on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand

Tsunami warnings in New Zealand rely on first locating and determining size of a large earthquake and then using precomputed simulation results to forecast the threat level and timing of the resulting tsunami. The number of offshore pressure gauges for tsunami monitoring around the world is increasing and it provides the opportunity to develope new methods to forecast tsunamis. In cases where a dense array of offshore pressure gauges is available, a data assimilation method can be applied to estimate the tsunami using the observations of pressure changes. Here we apply the data assimilation method to the tsunami generated from the 2009 Dusky Sound, New Zealand, magnitude 7.8 earthquake and determine a rapid and accurate estimate of the tsunami wave arrival time and size along the west coast of New Zealand.&#160; The tsunami was recorded by the Marine Observations of Anisotropy near Aotearoa (MOANA) OBS network which consists of a total of 30 differential pressure gauges.We use tsunami waveform inversion applied to Deep&#8208;ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) offshore pressure gauge and coastal tide gauge data to estimate the fault slip distribution of the Dusky Sound earthquake. The tsunami from this fault slip estimate is then used as a reference to measure the forecast accuracy from different methods to forecast the tsunami threat in New Zealand&#8217;s tsunami warning zones. Methods that are evaluated here include the currently operational tsunami warning procedure in New Zealand, tsunami data assimilation that relies only on the dense pressure gauge array data, and tsunami data assimilation with an initial condition model from W-Phase inversion result.A good match was found between the forecast from the data assimilation method and observed tsunami waveforms at the Charleston tide gauge station on the west coast of New Zealand's South Island. However, this method gives an accurate forecast only along the west coast of New Zealand because the offshore pressure gauge network is located off the west coast of the South Island. While an advantage of the data assimilation is that no initial condition is needed, we find that our forecast is improved especially along the south and east coasts of the South Island by merging tsunami forward modelling from a rapid W&#8208;phase earthquake source solution with the data assimilation method.

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The phonemes of New Zealand English

The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique ◽

10.1017/s0008413100005776 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 79-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. G. Kelly

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

West Coast ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Gold Rush ◽

The South ◽

The West ◽

Social Differences ◽

Free Church ◽

The North ◽

English Society

The New Zealand accent belongs to the British group of English accents. There are three main divisions: General New Zealand, which is spoken in most parts of the country, and the accents of Otago, in the south of the South Island, and on the West Coast of the South Island. The three divisions follow the original pattern of settlement. In the North Island, settlement was directed by the New Zealand Company, which founded Auckland and Wellington in 1840; other settlements followed in the late 1840s. In the South, the Anglican Church founded Christchurch and Nelson in the early 1850s. These settlements had the common aim of reproducing English society as it existed in the south of England and drew most of their settlers from persons dispossessed by the Industrial Revolution. The difficulties of life in early New Zealand effectively levelled out social differences, with important effects on the language. Otago was founded in 1848 by the Scottish Free Church. The West Coast was not settled until the Gold Rush of the 1860s attracted miners from the goldfields of Victoria and California. Since that time there has been considerable immigration from the British Isles, at first a mere trickle from Europe and then a flood of Central European refugees after the Second World War. In general the willingness of the average New Zealander to travel for reasons of work or promotion has prevented the growth of regional accents; but the West Coast and Otago tend to keep to themselves, isolated by rough country and their own sense of community.

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Geological Interpretation of Airborne Magnetometer Observations from Nelson to Waikato River, New Zealand

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800059999 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 118-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

H. W. Wellman

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

West Coast ◽

Axial Plane ◽

Igneous Rocks ◽

The South ◽

The West ◽

Geological Interpretation ◽

The North ◽

Cook Strait ◽

Waikato River

AbstractA map is presented showing a series of airborne magnetometer profiles from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand to the mouth of Waikato River. The two southern profiles are related to the exposed Upper Palaeozoic igneous rocks which are considered to extend north across Cook Strait and along the west coast of the North Island to cause the anomalies in the northern profiles. The North Island profiles are considered to reflect the Kawhia Syncline and a major anticline to the east. The eastward displacement of the magnetic low relative to the synclinal axis at the surface is considered due to the eastward dip of the axial plane of the syncline.

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Early Pleistocene glacial and associated deposits of the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics ◽

10.1080/00288306.1967.10428188 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 164-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

F. E. Bowen

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

West Coast ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

The South ◽

The West

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An ageing methodology, growth parameters and estimates of mortality for hake (Merluccius australis) from around the South Island, New Zealand

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf96091 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Peter L. Horn

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

West Coast ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Length Frequency ◽

The South ◽

Female Fish ◽

The West ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

A Value ◽

One Year

A method is described to determine the age of hake by counting zones in sectioned otoliths. The technique was validated to age 1 years from the progression of modes in length–frequency distributions, and for ages 2 years onwards by examining the state of otolith margins from fish sampled regularly over a one-year period. von Bertalanffy growth parameters are estimated for hake on the Campbell Plateau and Stewart–Snares shelf, on the Chatham Rise, and off the west coast of the South Island. Hake grow rapidly for about five years, but growth is slight after about 12 years. Female fish have a significantly faster rate of growth than males. A value forM of 0·20–0·25 is proposed. Differences in growth rates and population age distributions imply that there are at least two stocks of hake in New Zealand waters, with fish off the west coast of the South Island being distinct from those on the Campbell Plateau and Chatham Rise.

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