Material balance in Alpine orogeny

1990 ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
HANS LAUBSCHER
Keyword(s):  
Material Balance ◽  
Alpine Orogeny

Characterization of P-T conditions and age of the mid-crustal material involved in the Alpine continental subduction (Dora Maira Massif)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Nosenzo ◽  
Paola Manzotti ◽  
Marc Poujol ◽  
Michel Ballèvre ◽  
Jessica Langlade
Keyword(s):  
Material Balance ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Detrital Zircons ◽  
Variscan Orogeny ◽  
Crustal Material ◽  
Zircon Geochronology ◽  
Alpine Orogeny ◽  
Continental Subduction ◽  
Facies Metamorphism ◽  
Eclogite Facies

<p>The basement units of the Alps offer an excellent example to study how the Palaeozoic continental crust was recycled during the Alpine orogeny. The reconstruction of the pre-Alpine evolution of the continental basement is challenging and mainly relies on information provided by low-strain volumes, where mineralogical relics and isotopic data on accessory minerals can be safely investigated.</p><p>The knowledge of the pre-Alpine history of the Palaeozoic basement places severe constraints on its behaviour during the Alpine continental subduction. Firstly, its location in the (lower, middle, or upper) crust has implications for material balance during the Alpine orogeny. Secondly, its mineral content will determine how much water is needed for its transformation into an equilibrium eclogite-facies assemblage, with major implications for its metastability, hence its density and rheology during the Alpine history.</p><p>Here we investigate the pre-Alpine continental basement of the Dora Maira Massif (Western Alps), worldwide renowned for its Alpine quartz- to coesite-eclogite facies metamorphism. However, little is known about its pre-Alpine history. Spectacular polycyclic garnet-staurolite micaschists associated with garnet-biotite orthogneisses represent exceptional witnesses for reconstructing the Palaeozoic evolution of this region. Both lithologies contain mineralogical relics, such as a first generations of garnet, staurolite, muscovite and biotite indicative of a regional pre-Alpine amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Thermodynamic modelling on the micaschists constrains this pre-Alpine metamorphism at 640-660 °C, 6-7 kbar. Detrital zircon geochronology indicates that the youngest age population in the micaschists ranges from 450 Ma to 600 Ma and represents the maximal depositional age for the Palaeozoic sediment. U-Pb zircon geochronology in the garnet-biotite orthogneisses points to crystallization of the magma in the earliest Silurian (442 ± 2 Ma).</p><p>Detrital zircons in the micaschists display metamorphic overgrowths, characterized by high U content and very low Th/U ratios, as reported previously in amphibolite to granulite facies rocks. These metamorphic overgrowths yield U-Pb ages of 303 ± 2 Ma. These data constrain the timing of the Barrovian metamorphism in the Dora Maira Massif and confirm the hypothesis of a genetic link between this metamorphic episode and the Variscan orogeny.</p><p>The eclogite-facies polycyclic rocks from the Dora-Maira Massif therefore derive from upper crustal late Carboniferous lithologies, similar to those found in the Gran Paradiso and Monte Rosa, but different from the granulite-facies, lower crustal, rocks found in the Sesia Zone.</p>

Brownstock washing: A review of the literature

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Entrapped Air

Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.

Flowing Material Balance Analysis and Production Optimization in HPHT Sour Gas Field

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azis Hidayat ◽  
Dwi Hudya Febrianto ◽  
Elisa Wijayanti ◽  
Diniko Nurhajj ◽  
Ahmad Sujai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Balance ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Flowing Material ◽  
Sour Gas

scholarly journals Metasediments Covering Ophiolites in the HP Internal Belt of the Western Alps: Review of Tectono-Stratigraphic Successions and Constraints for the Alpine Evolution

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Paola Tartarotti ◽  
Silvana Martin ◽  
Andrea Festa ◽  
Gianni Balestro
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Metamorphic Evolution ◽  
Alpine Orogeny ◽  
Sedimentary Evolution ◽  
Hp Metamorphism ◽  
Tethys Ocean ◽  
Depositional Setting ◽  
Oceanic Rocks ◽  
Outer Band

Ophiolites of the Alpine belt derive from the closure of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean that was interposed between the palaeo-Europe and palaeo-Adria continental plates. The Alpine orogeny has intensely reworked the oceanic rocks into metaophiolites with various metamorphic imprints. In the Western Alps, metaophiolites and continental-derived units are distributed within two paired bands: An inner band where Alpine subduction-related high-pressure (HP) metamorphism is preserved, and an outer band where blueschist to greenschist facies recrystallisation due to the decompression path prevails. The metaophiolites of the inner band are hugely important not just because they provide records of the prograde tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the Western Alps, but also because they retain the signature of the intra-oceanic tectono-sedimentary evolution. Lithostratigraphic and petrographic criteria applied to metasediments associated with HP metaophiolites reveal the occurrence of distinct tectono-stratigraphic successions including quartzites with marbles, chaotic rock units, and layered calc schists. These successions, although sliced, deformed, and superposed in complex ways during the orogenic stage, preserve remnants of their primary depositional setting constraining the pre-orogenic evolution of the Jurassic Tethys Ocean.

scholarly journals Visualizing Spatial Economic Supply Chains to Enhance Sustainability and Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Yicheol Han ◽  
Stephan J. Goetz ◽  
Claudia Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Firm Location ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gravity Equations ◽  
General Method

This article presents a spatial supply network model for estimating and visualizing spatial commodity flows that used data on firm location and employment, an input–output table of inter-industry transactions, and material balance-type equations. Building on earlier work, we proposed a general method for visualizing detailed supply chains across geographic space, applying the preferential attachment rule to gravity equations in the network context; we then provided illustrations for U.S. extractive, manufacturing, and service industries, also highlighting differences in rural–urban interdependencies across these sectors. The resulting visualizations may be helpful for better understanding supply chain geographies, as well as business interconnections and interdependencies, and to anticipate and potentially address vulnerabilities to different types of shocks.

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