Microscopic Examination of Kerogen (Dispersed Organic Matter) in Petroleum Exploration

1974 ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Petroleum Exploration

XIII.—A Chemical Examination of the Organic Matter in Oil-Shales

1914 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bacterial Action ◽  
Oil Shales

Investigations into the nature of the organic matter in oil-shales began at the time of the famous Torbanehill case in 1854, when experts attempted to settle the question as to whether the substance known as “ Torbanite ” or “ Boghead Mineral” was a coal or an oil-shale. Several witnesses at the trial (Gillespie v. Russel, Session Papers, 1854) maintained that the oilproducing material in the Mineral was of organic origin, while others pronounced it to be bituminous and produced by subaqueous eruptions. T. S. Traill, M.D., proposed for the Boghead Mineral the name “ Bitumenite,” as it seemed to him to “ consist of much bitumen, mingled with earthy matter” (Trans. Roy. 8oc. Edin., 1857, xxi. p. 7). Dr Redfern (Quart. Jonrn. Micros. Soc, 1855, x. pp. 118-119), on the other hand, supposed the round orange-yellow bodies which occur in torbanite to have had their origin in "“ a mass of vegetable cells and tissues which have been disintegrated and otherwise changed by maceration, pressure, and chemical action, and subsequently solidified."” C. E. Bertrand and B. Renault (Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 1892-3) on microscopic examination have classed these bodies as the remains of gelatinous algae which have been altered by bacterial action.

scholarly journals Geological solutions concluded by petroleum geochemical data in Western Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 2131
Author(s):  
N. Rigakis ◽  
V. Karakitsios ◽  
F. Marnelis ◽  
Sp. Sotiropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Geochemical Study ◽  
Oil Generation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Sources ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Paleogeothermal Gradient ◽  
Western Greece

A detailed petroleum geochemical study has been performed in the previous years in the Western Greece. Several source rock horizons have been identified, the oil window has been calculated for the most significant sub-basins and the oil correlation study has distinguished the different oil groups of the area, generated from different hydrocarbon sources. These results are very significant and useful for the oil exploration. But, further to these, some more geochemical observations can also be very important on solving some geological problems of the area.- A major problem is the deposition and preservation of the organic matter in the Western Greece.- The dolomitization in relation with the oil generation is also an issue.- Another issue is the calculation of the eroded overburden formations thickness.- The Paleogeothermal gradient determination is also very important.The last two parameters are absolutely necessary for organic matter maturity calculations.The study of all the above parameters completes the geochemical study of the Western Greece, and in relation with other geological studies can provide solutions in the petroleum exploration of the area.

THE SUPPRESSION OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE IN SOME NORTH WEST SHELF WELLS: BARROW-1, JUPITER-1 AND FLAMINGO-1

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.T. Wilkins ◽  
J.R. Wilmshurst ◽  
G. Hladky ◽  
M.V. Ellacott ◽  
C.P. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Thermal Maturity ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reflectance Data

The sediments of the North West Shelf pose several problems for the accurate determination of thermal maturity by vitrinite reflectance. There are some serious discrepancies between the results of different workers; in some wells there is a surprisingly small increase of reflectance with depth, and it is sometimes difficult to honour these data in thermal maturity modelling. There appear to be two major sources of error in the reflectance data. These are firstly, the effect known as 'suppression' of vitrinite reflectance, and secondly, the difficulty of identifying the vitrinite population in dispersed organic matter.These problems may be addressed by the fluorescence alteration technique which is closely related to vitrinite reflectance but has two special advantages. Firstly, it depends on an analysis of the fluorescence alteration response of a small representative population of organic matter in which the individual macerals need not be identified. Secondly, anomalous vitrinites with suppressed vitrinite reflectance are readily characterized, and the corrected equivalent reflectances determined.The technique has been tested on three North West Shelf petroleum exploration wells, Barrow-1, Jupiter-1 and Flamingo-1. Major discrepancies between measured and equivalent vitrinite reflectance appear to originate in part from the difficulty of identifying the vitrinite population in dispersed organic matter from marine sediments. There is also evidence of suppression of vitrinite reflectance in most samples from Barrow-1, in the Flamingo Group and Plover Formation of Flamingo-1, and in the upper part of the Mungaroo Formation of Jupiter-1.A model is proposed to facilitate the assessment of measured vitrinite reflectance data from Carnarvon or Bonaparte Basin wells. Suppression effects are likely to have influenced measured vitrinite reflectance results from wells for which the strongest data are obtained from the Lower Cretaceous fluvio-deltaic Barrow Group sediments or their equivalents.

THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE FAMM THERMAL MATURITY TECHNIQUE FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN AUSTRALIA

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W.T. Wilkins ◽  
C.P. Buckingham ◽  
N. Sherwood ◽  
N.J. Russell ◽  
M. Faiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Thermal Maturity ◽  
North West ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Organic Matter Oxidation ◽  
Working Set

The fluorescence alteration of multiple macerals (FAMM™) technique was developed in 1989-91 to overcome problems encountered by existing techniques applied to the thermal maturity determination of North West Shelf organic matter. Subsequently it has been widely used in Australia, SE Asia and elsewhere. This paper reviews the present status of the FAMM technique.Since its inception, the methodology of the FAMM technique has undergone some changes. The most important is a closer integration with vitrinite reflectance (VR) resulting in expansion of the capacity of the technique to solve complex maturity problems. The accumulated data indicate that shales and mudstones are most suitable for FAMM analysis for the reason that more porous lithologies are potentially more susceptible to organic matter oxidation. There is extensive evidence that organic matter in cores and well-protected cuttings samples of shales remain unaffected by oxidation during decades of storage because clay is extremely effective in limiting access of oxygen. Adhering to sampling guidelines can greatly reduce the risk of errors from this source. Of the two recently described thermal maturity techniques based on combining VR with fluorescence intensity measurements (Quick, 1994; Newman, 1997), FAMM is more closely related to Quick's method. As the fluorescence alteration ratio which acts as the thermal maturity indicator in the FAMM method is independent of VR, it is possible to cross check results for consistency using suppression iso-correction curves-a possiblity which does not exist with the other thermal maturity techniques based on fluorescence. A working set of suppression iso-correction curves has been determined specifically for Australian Jurassic vitrinite. Whether from coal or dispersed organic matter (DOM), Australian Jurassic vitrinites are commonly perhydrous and this should be borne in mind when modelling thermal histories of North West Shelf sequences.

scholarly journals Geochemical evaluation of Khami Group oils in the South Dezful Embayment, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3241-3254
Author(s):  
Bahram Alizadeh ◽  
Amir Abbas Jahangard ◽  
Majid Alipour ◽  
Ahmadreza Gandomi Sani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
The South ◽  
Dezful Embayment ◽  
Geochemical Evaluation ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Kazhdumi Formation

Abstract An integrated geochemical study, including GC, GC–MS and stable carbon isotope analyses, was conducted on a suite of oil samples from the Khami Group reservoirs to provide new insights into the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous petroleum system in the South Dezful Embayment. Possible source rocks were also characterized using Rock–Eval pyrolysis to address the likely potential source rocks. The oil samples representing four major reservoirs (Surmeh, Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan) constitute a single genetic oil family according to bulk and biomarker parameters. High API (> 38°), highly saturated hydrocarbons (Sat > 65%), very low asphaltene content (Asp < 2%) and raised saturates/aromatics ratio (Sat/Aro > 2) are the bulk diagnostic characteristics of the studied oils implying more dominant terrigenous nature of the precursor organic matter. The predominance of C29 regular steranes (~ 40%), presence of C29Ts as well as very low gammacerane (< 10%) and moderate C35/C34 homohopane (< 1) are consistent with the mixed marine–terrigenous dysoxic organic matter input. The oils are assumed to be originated from Early Cretaceous source rocks at the peak of the oil generation window in a kitchen area located to the south of the studied region (i.e., the Binak–Borazjan Trough). The hydrocarbons were migrated from this kitchen to the structurally shallow-seated reservoirs in the center and west of the Kharg-Mish local paleo-high. The Khami Group reservoirs are not effectively sealed by the thin Hith anhydrites, and the Kazhdumi Formation finally trapped the migrated hydrocarbons. This study improves our knowledge regarding one of the active petroleum systems in the South Dezful Embayment, enhancing petroleum exploration success by navigating further drillings into the more prosperous targets.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shale Source Rocks and Clay Mineral Diagenesis in the Permian Basin, USA: Inferences on Basin Thermal Maturity and Source Rock Potential

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Hunter Green ◽  
Branimir Šegvić ◽  
Giovanni Zanoni ◽  
Silvia Omodeo-Salé ◽  
Thierry Adatte
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Rock Eval

The use of mineral diagenetic indices and organic matter maturity is useful for reconstructing the evolution of sedimentary basins and critical assessments for potential source rocks for petroleum exploration. In this study, the relationship of clay mineral diagenesis and organic matter thermal indices (Rock-Eval Tmax) and calculated vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) were used to constrain the maximum burial depths and temperatures of three distinct intervals within the northern Permian Basin, USA. X-ray diffraction of clay fractions (<2 µm) consists of illite, chlorite, and illite-smectite intermediates. Primary clay mineral diagenetic changes progressively increase in ordering from R0 to R1 I-S between 2359.5 and 2485.9 m and the appearance of chlorite at 2338.7 m. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data show 0 to 14 wt% TOC, HI values of 40 to 520 mgHC/g TOC, and S2 values of 0 to 62 mg HC/g, with primarily type II kerogen with calculated %Ro within the early to peak oil maturation window. Evaluation of the potential for oil generation is relatively good throughout the Tonya 401 and JP Chilton wells. Organic maturation indices (Tmax, %Ro) and peak burial temperatures correlate well with clay mineral diagenesis (R0–R1 I-S), indicating that maximum burial depths and temperatures were between 2.5 and 4 km and <100 °C and 140 °C, respectively. Additionally, the use of clay mineral-derived temperatures provides insight into discrepancies between several calculated %Ro equations and thus should be further investigated for use in the Permian Basin. Accordingly, these findings show that clay mineral diagenesis, combined with other paleothermal proxies, can considerably improve the understanding of the complex burial history of the Permian Basin in the context of the evolution of the southern margin of Laurentia.

DIAGENESIS OF ORGANIC MATTER AND OCCURRENCE OF HYDROCARBONS IN SOME AUSTRALIAN SEDIMENTARY BASINS

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shibaoka ◽  
A. J. R. Bennett ◽  
K. W. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Generation Zone ◽  
Oil Generation

It is important that petroleum exploration geologists know the critical depth limits where oil is generated from original organic matter in sediments and where the oil changes to natural gas. Organic matter is very sensitive to temperature. The maximum temperature experienced is related to its depth of burial.CSIRO has used the composition and physical properties of various types of organic matter in shaly rocks as indicators for the degree of diagenesis caused by this heat alteration. The reflectance of vitrinite in associated coals is used as the primary standard, and carbon content of such coals as the secondary parameter to distinguish various stages of oil and gas generation. Depth-reflectance curves are useful 1., for estimating palaeogeothermal gradients, 2., for determining the degree of diagenesis at a particular depth and also 3., for estimating the approximate thickness of sediments subsequently lost after deposition.The petroleum potential of some Australian sedimentary basins is reviewed in the light of this knowledge. In the Northwest Shelf area and in the Capricorn and Otway Basins, the oil generation zone is deeper than in the Cooper, Galilee and Surat Basins. In the Bowen and Sydney Basins and several other small basins along the eastern coast of Australia, this zone is very shallow, and in some areas the oil generation zone has been completely lost by erosion. The areas most promising for oil fields are those where little erosion of sediments has taken place subsequent to deposition and diagenesis, provided that all other geologic factors for hydrocarbon accumulation are present.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Organic Matter and Biomarkers in Core Sediments From the Offshore Area of Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Jingqian Tan ◽  
Jia Xia ◽  
Yao-Ping Wang ◽  
Sibo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Beibu Gulf ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Leizhou Peninsula ◽  
China Sea

Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and multi-biomarker indexes were analyzed for two sediment cores from the eastern coastal area of the Beibu Gulf (core 45, AMS 14C dated) and Qiongzhou Strait (core 29), South China Sea. The results showed that the TOC and TN content of the samples studied were 0.32–0.62% and 0.02–0.07%, respectively. The hydrocarbons in offshore sediments of Leizhou Peninsula were consisted of biogenic hydrocarbons and petrogenic hydrocarbons. The Core 29 sediments contain more terrigenous organic matter than that of sediments in core 45 due to the difference in hydrodynamic conditions. The composition and distribution of various lipid biomarkers indicate the presence of petrogenic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the whole profile of two sediment cores. There are multiple natural sources of hydrocarbons that could potentially contribute to the petroleum background through oil seeps and erosion of carbon-rich rock outcrops or bitumen deposits. Deep sourced hydrocarbon inputs from the submarine hydrocarbon seepage cannot be excluded. Further study is needed to resolve the specific sources for the petrogenic hydrocarbons and may be significant to petroleum exploration in the study area.

scholarly journals Isolasi dan Karakteristik Bakteri Pada Air Gambut di Kawasan Desa Sungai Daun Kecamatan Pasir Limau Kapas Kabupaten Rokan Hilir Provinsi Riau

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Ismiati Ismiati ◽  
Ida Fauziah ◽  
Rahmiati Rahmiati
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Water Color

Water color intensity is associated with topsoil concentration. The lower color intensity the lower topsoil concentration, pH and temperature. Peat water characteristic were determined by accumulation of    Natural Organic Matter.  The study was conducted on November 2017 to February 2018 in Health Laboratory of   North Sumatera by using 3 samples of peat water to find out characteristics of peat water bacteria. Isolated bacteria were analysed by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The result showed that the bacteria have various morphology and motility. Based on characteristics, sp1 was suspected to be in the group of Staphylococcus genus while sp2 and sp3 were belong to the Escherichia genus.

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