scholarly journals Temporal and Racial Differences Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Staphylococcus aureus and Encoded Virulence Factors

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Merriman ◽  
Elizabeth A. Mueller ◽  
Michael P. Cahill ◽  
Lisa A. Beck ◽  
Amy S. Paller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Enterotoxin Gene ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Monitoring pathogen emergence provides insight into how pathogens adapt in the human population. Secreted virulence factors, important contributors to infections, may differ in a manner dependent on the strain and host. Temporal changes of Staphylococcus aureus toxigenic potential, for example, in encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), contributed to an epidemic of TSS with significant health impact. This study monitored changes in atopic dermatitis (AD) S. aureus isolates and demonstrated both temporal and host infection differences according to host race based on secreted superantigen potential. The current temporal increase in enterotoxin gene cluster superantigen prevalence and lack of the gene encoding TSST-1 in AAs predict differences in infection types and presentations. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition strongly associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection. S. aureus strains shift in populations in ~10-year intervals depending on virulence factors. Shifts in S. aureus virulence factors may in part explain the racial differences observed in the levels of prevalence and severity of AD. AD S. aureus isolates collected from 2011 to 2014 (103 isolates) and in 2008 (100 isolates) were examined for the prevalence of genes encoding superantigens (SAgs). The strains from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from AD patients as a part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Atopic Dermatitis Research Network (ADRN). The prevalence of SAg genes was investigated temporally and racially. The enterotoxin gene cluster (EGC) was more prevalent in the 2011–2014 AD isolates than in the 2008 AD isolates. The prevalences of virulence factor genes were similar in European American (EA) and Mexican American (MA) patients but differed in 6 of 22 SAg genes between EA and African American (AA) or MA and AA isolates; notably, AA isolates lacked tstH, the gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). The presence of tstH and sel-p (enterotoxin-like P) was associated with decreased clinical severity and increased blood eosinophils, respectively. The EGC is becoming more prevalent, consistent with the previously observed 10 years of cycling of S. aureus strains. Race-specific S. aureus selection may account for differences in virulence factor profiles. The lack of TSST-1-positive (TSST-1+) AD S. aureus in AA is consistent with the lack of AAs acquiring TSST-1-associated menstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). IMPORTANCE Monitoring pathogen emergence provides insight into how pathogens adapt in the human population. Secreted virulence factors, important contributors to infections, may differ in a manner dependent on the strain and host. Temporal changes of Staphylococcus aureus toxigenic potential, for example, in encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), contributed to an epidemic of TSS with significant health impact. This study monitored changes in atopic dermatitis (AD) S. aureus isolates and demonstrated both temporal and host infection differences according to host race based on secreted superantigen potential. The current temporal increase in enterotoxin gene cluster superantigen prevalence and lack of the gene encoding TSST-1 in AAs predict differences in infection types and presentations.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal TSST-1 Association with Eczema Herpeticum in Humans

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Schlievert ◽  
Richard J. Roller ◽  
Samuel H. Kilgore ◽  
Miguel Villarreal ◽  
Aloysius J. Klingelhutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eczema Herpeticum ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Simplex Virus

Atopic dermatitis (eczema, AD) with concurrent herpes simplex virus infection (eczema herpeticum, ADEH) is a severe form of AD. We show that ADEH patients are colonized with Staphylococcus aureus that primarily produces the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1); however, significantly but to a lesser extent the superantigens staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C are also represented in ADEH.

scholarly journals Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Produced by Mutant Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Vaccine-Induced Memory T Cells Downregulates IL-17 Production and Abrogates the Protective Effect against Staphylococcus aureus Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouji Narita ◽  
Dong-Liang Hu ◽  
Krisana Asano ◽  
Akio Nakane
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Memory Phase ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Development of long-term memory is crucial for vaccine-induced adaptive immunity against infectious diseases such as Staphylococcus aureus infection. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), one of the superantigens produced by S. aureus, is a possible vaccine candidate against infectious diseases caused by this pathogen. We previously reported that vaccination with less toxic mutant TSST-1 (mTSST-1) induced T helper 17 (Th17) cells and elicited interleukin-17A (IL-17A)-mediated protection against S. aureus infection 1 week after vaccination. In the present study, we investigated the host immune response induced by mTSST-1 vaccination in the memory phase, 12 weeks after the final vaccination. The protective effect and IL-17A production after vaccination with mTSST-1 were eliminated because of IL-10 production. In the presence of IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), IL-17A production was restored in culture supernatants of CD4+ T cells and macrophages sorted from the spleens of vaccinated mice. Vaccinated mice treated with anti-IL-10 mAb were protected against systemic S. aureus infection in the memory phase. From these results, it was suggested that IL-10 produced in the memory phase suppresses the IL-17A-dependent vaccine effect through downregulation of IL-17A production.

scholarly journals Impact of Currently Marketed Tampons and Menstrual Cups onStaphylococcus aureusGrowth and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 ProductionIn Vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. e00351-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Nonfoux ◽  
Myriam Chiaruzzi ◽  
Cédric Badiou ◽  
Jessica Baude ◽  
Anne Tristan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTFifteen currently marketed intravaginal protection products (11 types of tampon and 4 types of menstrual cup) were tested by the modified tampon sac method to determine their effect onStaphylococcus aureusgrowth and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) production. Most tampons reducedS. aureusgrowth and TSST-1 production, with differences based on brand and composition, and the level ofS. aureusgrowth was higher in destructured than in unaltered tampons. We observed higher levels ofS. aureusgrowth and toxin production in menstrual cups than in tampons, potentially due to the additional air introduced into the bag by cups, with differences based on cup composition and size.IMPORTANCEMenstrual toxic shock syndrome is a rare but severe disease. It occurs in healthy women vaginally colonized byStaphylococcus aureusproducing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 using intravaginal protection, such as tampons or menstrual cups. Intravaginal protection induces TSS by the collection of catamenial products, which act as a growth medium forS. aureus. Previous studies evaluated the impact of tampon composition onS. aureusproducing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, but they are not recent and did not include menstrual cups. This study demonstrates that highly reproducible results forS. aureusgrowth and TSST-1 production can be obtained by using a simple protocol that reproduces the physiological conditions of tampon and cup usage as closely as possible, providing recommendations for tampon or cup use to both manufacturers and consumers. Notably, our results do not show that menstrual cups are safer than tampons and suggest that they require similar precautions.

Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davida S Smyth ◽  
Patrick J Hartigan ◽  
William J Meaney ◽  
J Ross Fitzgerald ◽  
Claudia F Deobald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Encoding Genes

In recent years several new staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been described, which currently have largely unknown frequencies of occurrence and roles in human or animal disease. One hundred and ninety-one Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows (99), goats (39), sheep (23), rabbits (15), chickens (15) and a cat (1) were screened for SE genes sea–see, seg–seo and seq and for the tst gene encoding staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 using multiplex PCRs and individual PCRs for the seb and sek genes. One hundred and ten isolates tested positive for at least one of these 16 superantigen (SAg)-encoding genes. There were statistically significant differences in the frequencies of some of these SAg genes between isolates from different animals. No strain possessed either the sea or see gene. The sec gene was present in 51 isolates, the sed gene in eight and the seb gene in one. The seh gene was found in four strains and the sek and seq genes together in one isolate. The most common combinations of genes were the egc cluster, bearing the seg, sei, sem, sen and seo genes, in 47 isolates, the sec, sel and tst gene combination typical of the SaPIbov pathogenicity island in 44 isolates, the egc cluster lacking the seg gene in 11 isolates, the sed and sej genes in nine isolates, and the sec and tst genes without the sel gene in seven isolates. The higher frequencies of the sec and tst genes together and the lower frequencies of the egc gene cluster among the SAg gene-positive sheep or goat isolates compared to bovine isolates were statistically significant. Of 36 bovine isolates that were mitogenic for human T lymphocytes, four were negative for the 16 SAg genes tested for, while a further 14 gave borderline results in the mitogenicity assay, 12 of which were SAg gene-negative. Twenty-nine strains lacking all the SAg genes did not induce T-cell proliferation. This survey indicates that novel SE genes seg, sei, sel, sem, sen and seo along with the sec and tst genes predominate in S. aureus from animal hosts. The mitogenicity assays indicate that further uncharacterized SAgs may be present in bovine isolates.

scholarly journals Prevalence of enterotoxins and other virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus caused subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193-1198
Author(s):  
Rania M. Ewida ◽  
Amira A. T. Al-Hosary
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Enterotoxin Gene ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dairy Animals

Background and Aim: Milk production is one of the main props for the national economy. One of the crucial problems in this industry is subclinical mastitis, which harms this industry that considered the backbone of the economy. It is an infectious and zoonotic disease; the infection can spread between dairy animals through milkers' hands, and milking machines, while the human infection occurs due to the consumption of apparently hygienic milk. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causative agents of clinical and subclinical mastitis. It is also considered one of the bacteria incriminated in food intoxication of humans due to its virulence factors as enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins, as well as, its other virulence factors in milk collected from cows that suffer from subclinical mastitis. Materials and Methods: Sixty cows were collected from different dairy farms located in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. These cows were subjected to the clinical examination of the udder and its lymph nodes before sampling. Milk samples were collected from clinically healthy udders. All the milk samples were examined by California mastitis test (CMT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for confirmation subclinical mastitis, presence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins genes and other virulence factors in the examined milk samples. Results: The cows included in the current study had healthy udders. The sixty collected milk samples were tested by CMT. 48/60 (80.0%) were positive samples; from the 48 positive samples, 46 (95.83%) samples were confirmed positive by S. aureus 16s rRNA PCR assay. Multiplex PCRs confirmed the presence of staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) in one sample, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) in 23 samples, while ELISA assay confirmed the presence of the same enterotoxin in only two samples. On the other hand, other groups of genes responsible for some other virulence factors of S. aureus like the extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene were found in 33 samples, while toxic shock syndrome (tsst) gene and methicillin restraint S. aureus (mecA) gene were not detected in this study. Conclusion: Subclinical mastitis is one of the hidden factors that adversely affect the health of both animals and humans. The milk is usually appeared good and may be consumed by humans especially children; however, it causes severe public health problems. In addition, the infected animals with this form of mastitis can spread the infection to other dairy animals and may be turned to a clinical case of contagious mastitis that may be ended by animal culling or death. S. aureus is one of the main causes of subclinical mastitis in cattle. In addition to extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) and staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) are the most common virulence genes confirmed in subclinical mastitis milk. These results highlighted the need to apply more hygienic measures in the dairy farms to avoid spreading the infection between animals to ensure the production of safe and healthy food to humans.

scholarly journals Chronic Superantigen Exposure Induces Systemic Inflammation, Elevated Bloodstream Endotoxin, and Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Rabbits: Possible Role in Diabetes

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao G. Vu ◽  
Christopher S. Stach ◽  
Katarina Kulhankova ◽  
Wilmara Salgado-Pabón ◽  
Aloysius J. Klingelhutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACTExcessive weight and obesity are associated with the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMII) in humans. They also pose high risks ofStaphylococcus aureuscolonization and overt infections.S. aureuscauses a wide range of severe illnesses in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. AmongS. aureusvirulence factors, superantigens are essential for pathogenicity. In this study, we show that rabbits that are chronically exposed toS. aureussuperantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) experience impaired glucose tolerance, systemic inflammation, and elevated endotoxin levels in the bloodstream, all of which are common findings in DMII. Additionally, such DMII-associated findings are also seen through effects of TSST-1 on isolated adipocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that chronic exposure toS. aureussuperantigens facilitates the development of DMII, which may lead to therapeutic targeting ofS. aureusand its superantigens.IMPORTANCEObesity has a strong correlation with type 2 diabetes, in which fatty tissue, containing adipocytes, contributes to the development of the illness through altered metabolism and chronic inflammation. The human microbiome changes in persons with obesity and type 2 diabetes, including increases inStaphylococcus aureuscolonization and overt infections. While the microbiome is essential for human wellness, there is little understanding of the role of microbes in obesity or the development of diabetes. Here, we demonstrate that theS. aureussuperantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), an essential exotoxin in pathogenesis, induces inflammation, lipolysis, and insulin resistance in adipocytes bothin vitroandin vivo. Chronic stimulation of rabbits with TSST-1 results in impaired systemic glucose tolerance, the hallmark finding in type 2 diabetes in humans, suggesting a role ofS. aureusand its superantigens in the progression to type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Vaginal Tampon Colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Chiaruzzi ◽  
Alexia Barbry ◽  
Anaëlle Muggeo ◽  
Anne Tristan ◽  
Isaline Jacquemond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Menstruating Women ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Tampons recovered from a cohort of 737 healthy women (median age, 32 years) were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 198 tampons (27%) were colonized by S. aureus, 28 (4%) by a strain producing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). S. aureus was detected more frequently in tampons that did not require an applicator for their insertion (74/233 [32%] versus 90/381 [24%]; odds ratio [OR] = 1.51 [95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.17]) and in women who used an intrauterine device for contraception (53/155 [34%] versus 145/572 [27%]; OR = 1.53 [95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.24]). The S. aureus strains isolated from tampons belonged to 22 different clonal complexes (CCs). The most prevalent CC was CC398 agr1 (n = 57 [27%]), a clone that does not produce superantigenic toxins, followed by CC30 agr3 (n = 27, 13%), producing TSST-1 (24/27 [89%]), the principal clone of S. aureus involved in menstrual toxic shock syndrome (MTSS). IMPORTANCE Menstrual toxic shock syndrome (MTSS) is an uncommon severe acute disease that occurs in healthy menstruating women colonized by TSST-1-producing S. aureus who use intravaginal protection, such as tampons and menstrual cups. The catamenial product collected by the protection serves as a growth medium for S. aureus and allows TSST-1 production. Previous studies evaluated the prevalence of genital colonization by S. aureus by vaginal swabbing, but they did not examine tampon colonization. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of tampon colonization by S. aureus and the presence of the CC30 TSST-1 S. aureus clone responsible for MTSS in tampons from healthy women. The results support the vaginal carriage of this lineage in healthy women. In addition, the higher prevalence of S. aureus within tampons that do not require an applicator indicates a crucial role for handwashing before tampon handling to decrease the risk of tampon contamination.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL CASES IN EAST ALGERIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Rahima Touaitia ◽  
Soumia Bektache ◽  
Nafissa Boutefnouchet ◽  
Abdelghani Djahoudi ◽  
Mohamed Bachtarzi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Phenotypic Methods

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the methicillin resistance gene, and some virulence factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Methods: This study has included 12 MRSA isolates. All isolates were previously identified as S. aureus by a standard microbiological procedure, anda detection of methicillin resistance was realized by phenotypic methods. Following genomic DNA extraction, the presence of gyrA, mecA, lukPV, andtst genes was analyzed by duplex PCR. All retained S. aureus species have been found to contain gyrA gene.Results: Ten stains have been found to harbor mecA gene indicating it’s responsibility for methicillin resistance in those strains. Among the 12 strains,six of which were found to be Panton-Valentine leukocidine positive while none of which has tst gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin.Conclusion: The pathogenesis of MRSA infections is related to the expression of a wide variety of virulence factors.Keywords: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Panton-Valentine leukocidine, Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, Multidrug resistance, mecA.

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