scholarly journals Three sea urchin actin genes show different patterns of expression: muscle specific, embryo specific, and constitutive.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Garcia ◽  
B Paz-Aliaga ◽  
S G Ernst ◽  
W R Crain
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Specific Probe ◽  
Actin Genes ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Specific Hybridization ◽  
Genes Encoding

The expression of three different actin genes in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was monitored in embryos and adult tissues by using untranslated mRNA sequences as specific hybridization probes. Three distinct patterns of expression were found: muscle specific, embryo specific, and constitutive (i.e., present in all tissues examined). The actin genes encoding the muscle-specific and constitutively expressed genes were each found to be present once in the haploid genome. The embryo-specific probe could derive from either a single gene or a small subset of actin genes. These data demonstrate that at least three members of the sea urchin actin gene family are expressed in distinct ways and thus are probably associated with different regulatory programs of gene expression necessary for development of this metazoan.

Three sea urchin actin genes show different patterns of expression: muscle specific, embryo specific, and constitutive

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-845
Author(s):  
R Garcia ◽  
B Paz-Aliaga ◽  
S G Ernst ◽  
W R Crain
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Specific Probe ◽  
Actin Genes ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Specific Hybridization ◽  
Genes Encoding

The expression of three different actin genes in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was monitored in embryos and adult tissues by using untranslated mRNA sequences as specific hybridization probes. Three distinct patterns of expression were found: muscle specific, embryo specific, and constitutive (i.e., present in all tissues examined). The actin genes encoding the muscle-specific and constitutively expressed genes were each found to be present once in the haploid genome. The embryo-specific probe could derive from either a single gene or a small subset of actin genes. These data demonstrate that at least three members of the sea urchin actin gene family are expressed in distinct ways and thus are probably associated with different regulatory programs of gene expression necessary for development of this metazoan.

scholarly journals Organization and expression of multiple actin genes in the sea urchin.

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 609-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Scheller ◽  
L B McAllister ◽  
W R Crain ◽  
D S Durica ◽  
J W Posakony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Repeat Sequences ◽  
Actin Genes ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Multiple Copies

A set of at least 11 actin genes has been isolated from genomic recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid libraries of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Most of the isolates derive from a library which represents the genome of a single animal. There are at least five distinct types of sea urchin actin gene, some of which are represented by multiple copies in the genome. The actin gene types are distinguished by nonhomologous flanking sequences and intervening sequences, though the protein coding sequences appear in most cases to be quite similar. Eight of the 11 genes isolated have been recovered in lambda recombinants that contain two actin genes, linked at 5- to 9-kilobase distances. Restriction map overlaps suggest that the genome contains an array of at least three of these genes spaced over about 30 kilobases of deoxyribonucleic acid. In the linkage patterns observed, actin genes of diverse types were linked to each other. In early embryos, actin messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts of 1.8 and 2.2 kilobases were found, and the longer of these transcripts was more prevalent in the maternal RNA of the egg. From RNA gel blot experiments, we conclude that the two transcripts derive from different actin gene types. Different repetitive sequences were located to either side of most of the actin genes, and in most observed cases the repeat sequences which were adjacent to actin genes of a given type were similar. The repeat sequences flanking the actin genes belonged to families which were transcribed, but those repeats in the neighborhood of the actin genes which have been investigated were not themselves represented in the stable RNAs of eggs or early embryos.

scholarly journals Organization and evolution of the actin gene family in sea urchins.

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 1824-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Johnson ◽  
D R Foran ◽  
G P Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sequence Homology ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Intron Position ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Genomic Libraries ◽  
Lytechinus Pictus ◽  
Transcriptional Orientation ◽  
Actin Genes

Genomic libraries of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus were screened with an actin cDNA clone from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Four nonoverlapping clones were isolated and characterized from the S. franciscanus library; three were isolated and characterized from the L. pictus library. Linked genes having the same transcriptional orientation were found on all S. franciscanus clones. Three clones contained two actin genes each; the other clone contained three. In contrast, the L. pictus clones contained only one actin gene. Comparison of actin genomic clones from these three species indicated a difference in the genomic organization of sea urchin actin genes in that the genes appear to be more highly clustered in S. franciscanus than in S. purpuratus and L. pictus. Genomic dot blots and reassociation kinetics demonstrated that the copy number of actin genes in all three species is 15 to 20. Nucleotide sequence homology of actin genes within and among the species was measured by thermal elution. These experiments indicated that there is a high degree of interspecies actin gene sequence homology but that, within each species, actin gene sequences may differ by as much as 30%. Sequencing of two S. franciscanus actin genes revealed introns at the same amino acid positions, 121 and 204, reported for S. purpuratus actin genes. These data demonstrated that the genomic copy number, the transcriptional orientation of linked genes, and, to the extent studied, the intron position of actin genes have evolved similarly in these three species. In contrast, significant change has occurred in the chromosomal arrangement of sea urchin actin genes.

scholarly journals Organization and expression of multiple actin genes in the sea urchin

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 609-628
Author(s):  
R H Scheller ◽  
L B McAllister ◽  
W R Crain ◽  
D S Durica ◽  
J W Posakony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Repeat Sequences ◽  
Actin Genes ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Multiple Copies

A set of at least 11 actin genes has been isolated from genomic recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid libraries of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Most of the isolates derive from a library which represents the genome of a single animal. There are at least five distinct types of sea urchin actin gene, some of which are represented by multiple copies in the genome. The actin gene types are distinguished by nonhomologous flanking sequences and intervening sequences, though the protein coding sequences appear in most cases to be quite similar. Eight of the 11 genes isolated have been recovered in lambda recombinants that contain two actin genes, linked at 5- to 9-kilobase distances. Restriction map overlaps suggest that the genome contains an array of at least three of these genes spaced over about 30 kilobases of deoxyribonucleic acid. In the linkage patterns observed, actin genes of diverse types were linked to each other. In early embryos, actin messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts of 1.8 and 2.2 kilobases were found, and the longer of these transcripts was more prevalent in the maternal RNA of the egg. From RNA gel blot experiments, we conclude that the two transcripts derive from different actin gene types. Different repetitive sequences were located to either side of most of the actin genes, and in most observed cases the repeat sequences which were adjacent to actin genes of a given type were similar. The repeat sequences flanking the actin genes belonged to families which were transcribed, but those repeats in the neighborhood of the actin genes which have been investigated were not themselves represented in the stable RNAs of eggs or early embryos.

scholarly journals Discovery of sea urchin NGFFFamide receptor unites a bilaterian neuropeptide family

Open Biology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 150030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean C. Semmens ◽  
Isabel Beets ◽  
Matthew L. Rowe ◽  
Liisa M. Blowes ◽  
Paola Oliveri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Disulfide Bridge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neuropeptide Evolution ◽  
Signalling Systems

Neuropeptides are ancient regulators of physiology and behaviour, but reconstruction of neuropeptide evolution is often difficult owing to lack of sequence conservation. Here, we report that the receptor for the neuropeptide NGFFFamide in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (phylum Echinodermata) is an orthologue of vertebrate neuropeptide-S (NPS) receptors and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) receptors. Importantly, this has facilitated reconstruction of the evolution of two bilaterian neuropeptide signalling systems. Genes encoding the precursor of a vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide and its receptor duplicated in a common ancestor of the Bilateria. One copy of the precursor retained ancestral features, as seen in highly conserved vasopressin/oxytocin–neurophysin-type precursors. The other copy diverged, but this took different courses in protostomes and deuterostomes. In protostomes, the occurrence of a disulfide bridge in neuropeptide product(s) of the precursor was retained, as in CCAP, but with loss of the neurophysin domain. In deuterostomes, we see the opposite scenario—the neuropeptides lost the disulfide bridge, and neurophysin was retained (as in the NGFFFamide precursor) but was subsequently lost in vertebrate NPS precursors. Thus, the sea urchin NGFFFamide precursor and receptor are ‘missing links’ in the evolutionary history of neuropeptides that control ecdysis in arthropods (CCAP) and regulate anxiety in humans (NPS).

Subcloning of the Histone DNA Sequences of Phage Lambda Sam 7 h 22 in Plasmid pBR 322

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 733-740
Author(s):  
Ch. Aulehla-Scholz ◽  
E. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phage Lambda ◽  
Hybridization Probes ◽  
Psammechinus Miliaris ◽  
Specific Hybridization ◽  
Phage Dna

Abstract The histone DNA sequences of the Hind III cluster of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris which are carried by the chimeric phage DNA of λ Sam 7 h22 have been subcloned in plasmid pBR 322. Due to this procedure single segments of the cluster have been separated from each other and are available as gene specific hybridization probes.

Organization and evolution of the actin gene family in sea urchins

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 1824-1833
Author(s):  
P J Johnson ◽  
D R Foran ◽  
G P Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sequence Homology ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Intron Position ◽  
Actin Gene ◽  
Genomic Libraries ◽  
Lytechinus Pictus ◽  
Transcriptional Orientation ◽  
Actin Genes

Genomic libraries of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus were screened with an actin cDNA clone from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Four nonoverlapping clones were isolated and characterized from the S. franciscanus library; three were isolated and characterized from the L. pictus library. Linked genes having the same transcriptional orientation were found on all S. franciscanus clones. Three clones contained two actin genes each; the other clone contained three. In contrast, the L. pictus clones contained only one actin gene. Comparison of actin genomic clones from these three species indicated a difference in the genomic organization of sea urchin actin genes in that the genes appear to be more highly clustered in S. franciscanus than in S. purpuratus and L. pictus. Genomic dot blots and reassociation kinetics demonstrated that the copy number of actin genes in all three species is 15 to 20. Nucleotide sequence homology of actin genes within and among the species was measured by thermal elution. These experiments indicated that there is a high degree of interspecies actin gene sequence homology but that, within each species, actin gene sequences may differ by as much as 30%. Sequencing of two S. franciscanus actin genes revealed introns at the same amino acid positions, 121 and 204, reported for S. purpuratus actin genes. These data demonstrated that the genomic copy number, the transcriptional orientation of linked genes, and, to the extent studied, the intron position of actin genes have evolved similarly in these three species. In contrast, significant change has occurred in the chromosomal arrangement of sea urchin actin genes.

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