scholarly journals Inhibition of E2F activity by the cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor p21 in cells expressing or lacking a functional retinoblastoma protein.

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 2987-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
G P Dimri ◽  
M Nakanishi ◽  
P Y Desprez ◽  
J R Smith ◽  
J Campisi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
In Cells

p21Sdi1/WAF1/Cip1 inhibits cyclin-dependent protein kinases and cell proliferation. p21 is presumed to inhibit growth by preventing the phosphorylation of growth-regulatory proteins, including the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb). The ultimate effector(s) of p21 growth inhibition, however, is largely a matter of conjecture. We show that p21 inhibits the activity of E2F, an essential growth-stimulatory transcription factor that is negatively regulated by unphosphorylated pRb. p21 suppressed the activity of E2F-responsive promoters (dihydrofolate reductase and cdc2), but E2F-unresponsive promoters (c-fos and simian virus 40 early) were unaffected. Moreover, the simian virus 40 early promoter was rendered p21 suppressible by introducing wild-type, but not mutant, E2F binding sites; p21 deletion mutants showed good agreement in their abilities to inhibit E2F transactivation and DNA synthesis; and E2F-1 (which binds pRb), but not E2F-4 (which does not), reversed both inhibitory effects of p21. Despite the central role for pRb in regulating E2F, p21 suppressed growth and E2F activity in cells lacking a functional pRb. Moreover, p21 protein (wild type but not mutant) specifically disrupted an E2F-cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2-p107 DNA binding complex in nuclear extracts of proliferating cells, whether or not they expressed normal pRb. Thus, E2F is a critical target and ultimate effector of p21 action, and pRb is not essential for the inhibition of growth or E2F-dependent transcription.

scholarly journals Simian virus 40 small tumor antigen inhibits dephosphorylation of protein kinase A-phosphorylated CREB and regulates CREB transcriptional stimulation.

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 5881-5890 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Wheat ◽  
W J Roesler ◽  
D J Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Small Tumor ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Phosphorylated Creb ◽  
In Cells

We report that the small tumor (small-t) antigen of simian virus 40 (SV40) forms complexes with nuclear protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and regulates the phosphorylation and transcriptional transactivation function of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-regulatory element binding protein (CREB). PP2A coimmunoprecipitated with small t from nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells expressing small t or from rat liver nuclear extracts to which recombinant small t was added. Protein phosphatase 1 was not detected in small-t immunoprecipitates. In HepG2 cells expressing small t, dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP) stimulated the phosphorylation of CREB 65-fold, whereas CREB phosphorylation was stimulated only 5- to 8-fold by Bt2cAMP in cells not expressing small t. Small t also inhibited the dephosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-phosphorylated CREB in rat liver nuclear extracts. In cells expressing small t, Bt2cAMP-stimulated transcription from the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene promoter was enhanced over the level of transcription from the PEPCK promoter in cells not expressing small t. Small t also enhanced Bt2cAMP-stimulated transcription from a Gal4-responsive promoter in cells expressing a chimeric protein containing the Gal4 DNA-binding domain linked to the CREB transactivation domain. However, small t did not stimulate transcription either from a 5' deletion mutant of the PEPCK promoter that is not able to bind CREB or from the Gal4-responsive promoter in the absence of the Gal4-CREB protein. These data suggest that small t enhances Bt2cAMP-stimulated gene transcription by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of PKA-phosphorylated CREB by nuclear PP2A. These findings support previous observations that nuclear PP2A is the primary phosphatase that dephosphorylates PKA-phosphorylated CREB.

scholarly journals A Purine Analog Kinase Inhibitor, Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Inhibitor 59, Reveals a Role for Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 374-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Konstantopoulos ◽  
Seb Marcuccio ◽  
Stella Kyi ◽  
Violet Stoichevska ◽  
Laura A. Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Glut4 Translocation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Protein Kinase Ii ◽  
Dependent Protein

Olomoucine is known as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. We found that olomoucine blocked insulin’s ability to stimulate glucose transport. It did so without affecting the activity of known insulin signaling proteins. To identify the olomoucine-sensitive kinase(s), we prepared analogs that could be immobilized to an affinity resin to isolate binding proteins. One of the generated analogs inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake with increased sensitivity compared with olomoucine. The IC50 for inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurred at analog concentrations as low as 0.1 μm. To identify proteins binding to the analog, [35S]-labeled cell lysates prepared from 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with analog chemically cross-linked to a resin support and binding proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The major binding species was a doublet at 50–60 kDa, which was identified as calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) by N-terminal peptide analysis and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry as the δ- and β-like isoforms. To investigate CaMKII involvement in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were infected with retrovirus encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP)-hemagluttinin tag (HA)-tagged CaMKII wild-type or the ATP binding mutant, K42M. GFP-HA-CaMKII K42M cells had less kinase activity than cells expressing wild-type GFP-HA-CaMKII. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was significantly decreased (∼80%) in GFP-HA-CaMKII K42M cells, compared with nontransfected cells, and cells expressing either GFP-HA-CaMKII or GFP-HA. There was not a concomitant decrease in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in GFP-HA-CaMKII K42M cells when compared with GFP-HA alone. However, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in GFP-HA-CaMKII cells was significantly higher, compared with either GFP-HA or GFP-HA-CaMKII K42M cells. Our results implicate the involvement of CaMKII in glucose transport in a permissive role.

Simian virus 40 small tumor antigen inhibits dephosphorylation of protein kinase A-phosphorylated CREB and regulates CREB transcriptional stimulation

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 5881-5890
Author(s):  
W H Wheat ◽  
W J Roesler ◽  
D J Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Small Tumor ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Phosphorylated Creb ◽  
In Cells

We report that the small tumor (small-t) antigen of simian virus 40 (SV40) forms complexes with nuclear protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and regulates the phosphorylation and transcriptional transactivation function of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-regulatory element binding protein (CREB). PP2A coimmunoprecipitated with small t from nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells expressing small t or from rat liver nuclear extracts to which recombinant small t was added. Protein phosphatase 1 was not detected in small-t immunoprecipitates. In HepG2 cells expressing small t, dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt2cAMP) stimulated the phosphorylation of CREB 65-fold, whereas CREB phosphorylation was stimulated only 5- to 8-fold by Bt2cAMP in cells not expressing small t. Small t also inhibited the dephosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-phosphorylated CREB in rat liver nuclear extracts. In cells expressing small t, Bt2cAMP-stimulated transcription from the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene promoter was enhanced over the level of transcription from the PEPCK promoter in cells not expressing small t. Small t also enhanced Bt2cAMP-stimulated transcription from a Gal4-responsive promoter in cells expressing a chimeric protein containing the Gal4 DNA-binding domain linked to the CREB transactivation domain. However, small t did not stimulate transcription either from a 5' deletion mutant of the PEPCK promoter that is not able to bind CREB or from the Gal4-responsive promoter in the absence of the Gal4-CREB protein. These data suggest that small t enhances Bt2cAMP-stimulated gene transcription by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of PKA-phosphorylated CREB by nuclear PP2A. These findings support previous observations that nuclear PP2A is the primary phosphatase that dephosphorylates PKA-phosphorylated CREB.

scholarly journals ATP mediates both activation and inhibition of K(ATP) channel activity via cAMP-dependent protein kinase in insulin-secreting cell lines.

1989 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ribalet ◽  
S Ciani ◽  
G T Eddlestone
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Channel Activity ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Camp Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Insulin Secreting Cells ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Inside Out

The single-channel recording technique was employed to investigate the mechanism conferring ATP sensitivity to a metabolite-sensitive K channel in insulin-secreting cells. ATP stimulated channel activity in the 0-10 microM range, but depressed it at higher concentrations. In inside-out patches, addition of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) reduced channel activity, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of ATP occurs via cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation. Raising ATP between 10 and 500 microM in the presence of exogenous PKI progressively reduced the channel activity; it is proposed that this inactivation results from a reduction in kinase activity owing to an ATP-dependent binding of PKI or a protein with similar inhibitory properties to the kinase. A model describing the effects of ATP was developed, incorporating these two separate roles for the nucleotide. Assuming that the efficacy of ATP in controlling the channel activity depends upon the relative concentrations of inhibitor and catalytic subunit associated with the membrane, our model predicts that the channel sensitivity to ATP will vary when the ratio of these two modulators is altered. Based upon this, it is shown that the apparent discrepancy existing between the sensitivity of the channel to low ATP concentrations in the excised patch and the elevated intracellular level of ATP may be explained by postulating a change in the inhibitor/kinase ratio from 1:1 to 3:2 owing to the loss of protein kinase after patch excision. At a low concentration of ATP (10-20 microM), a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, AMP-PNP, enhanced the channel activity when present below 10 microM, whereas the analogue blocked the channel activity at higher concentrations. It is postulated that AMP-PNP inhibits the formation of the kinase-inhibitor complex in the former case, and prevents phosphate transfer in the latter. A similar mechanism would explain the interaction between ATP and ADP which is characterized by enhanced activity at low ADP concentrations and blocking at higher concentrations.

scholarly journals Dual mechanism for cAMP-dependent modulation of Ca2+ signalling in articular chondrocytes

1996 ◽  
Vol 318 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola D'ANDREA ◽  
Valentina PASCHINI ◽  
Franco VITTUR
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Primary Culture ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Articular Chondrocytes ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Dual Mechanism

The ability of cAMP to modulate the actions of Ca2+-mobilizing agonists was studied in single Fura-2-loaded pig articular chondrocytes in primary culture. Forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP increased both the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ oscillations induced by ATP, and, in unstimulated cells, induced single Ca2+ transients or even Ca2+ oscillations. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor H89 totally prevented the effect of cAMP-elevating agents on Ca2+ signalling. Forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP promptly increased the rate of Mn2+ quenching, when administered in the presence of ATP, suggesting a potentiation of receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx. In Ca2+-free medium, ATP-induced Ca2+ oscillations decreased and stopped after a few cycles: subsequent ATP additions temporarily resumed the activity, an effect that could be mimicked by forskolin. The same agent induced single Ca2+ transients in 42% of the cell population maintained in Ca2+-free medium. Thapsigargin prevented Ca2+ responses to both ATP and forskolin. The results indicate a dual mechanism for cAMP-induced potentiation of Ca2+ signalling in articular chondrocytes: an increase of receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and a positive modulation of intracellular Ca2+ release.

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