scholarly journals Virological Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) and in Patients Dually Infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia and Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 2200-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jallow ◽  
A. Alabi ◽  
R. Sarge-Njie ◽  
K. Peterson ◽  
H. Whittle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virological Response ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Elongation in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 9105-9114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara G. Lassen ◽  
Justin R. Bailey ◽  
Robert F. Siliciano
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A stable latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting memory CD4+ T cells presents a barrier to eradication of the infection even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Potential mechanisms for latency include inaccessibility of the integrated viral genome, absence of key host transcription factors, premature termination of HIV-1 RNAs, and abnormal splicing patterns. To differentiate among these mechanisms, we isolated extremely pure populations of resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. These cells did not produce virus but retained the capacity to do so if appropriately stimulated. Products of HIV-1 transcription were examined in purified resting CD4+ T cells. Although short, prematurely terminated HIV-1 transcripts have been suggested as a marker for latently infected cells, the production of short transcripts had not been previously demonstrated in purified populations of resting CD4+ T cells. By separating RNA into polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated fractions, we showed that resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy produce abortive transcripts that lack a poly(A) tail and that terminate prior to nucleotide 181. Short transcripts dominated the pool of total HIV-1 transcripts in resting CD4+ T cells. Processive, polyadenylated HIV-1 mRNAs were also present at a low level. Both unspliced and multiply spliced forms were found. Taken together, these results show that the nonproductive nature of the infection in resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy is not due to absolute blocks at the level of either transcriptional initiation or elongation but rather relative inefficiencies at multiple steps.

scholarly journals In a Subset of Subjects on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma Decays from 50 to <5 Copies per Milliliter, with a Half-Life of 6 Months

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 2271-2275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Di Mascio ◽  
Geethanjali Dornadula ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Julie Sullivan ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Three of five virally suppressed human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1)-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and followed intensively with a supersensitive reverse transcriptase PCR assay with a lower limit of quantitation of 5 copies/ml showed statistically significant viral load decays below 50 copies/ml, with half-lives of 5 to 8 months and a mean of 6 months. This range of half-lives is consistent with the estimated half-life of the latent HIV-1 reservoir in the peripheral blood. Those patients without decay of viral load in plasma may have significant cryptic HIV-1 residual replication.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Intermittent Viremia during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Who Initiate Therapy during Chronic versus Acute and Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (19) ◽  
pp. 10566-10573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Di Mascio ◽  
Martin Markowitz ◽  
Michael Louie ◽  
Arlene Hurley ◽  
Christine Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The meaning of viral blips in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients treated with seemingly effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is still controversial and under investigation. Blips might represent low-level ongoing viral replication in the presence of drug or simply release of virions from the latent reservoir. Patients treated early during HIV-1 infection are more likely to have a lower total body viral burden, a homogenous viral population, and preserved HIV-1-specific immune responses. Consequently, viral blips may be less frequent in them than in patients treated during chronic infection. To test this hypothesis, we compared the occurrence of viral blips in 76 acutely infected patients (primary HIV infection [PHI] group) who started therapy within 6 months of the onset of symptoms with that in 47 patients who started HAART therapy during chronic infection (chronic HIV infection [CHI] group). Viral blip frequency was approximately twofold higher in CHI patients (0.122 ± 0.12/viral load [VL] sample, mean ± standard deviation) than in PHI patients (0.066 ± 0.09/VL sample). However, in both groups, viral blip frequency did not increase with longer periods of observation. Also, no difference in viral blip frequency was observed between treatment subgroups, and the occurrence of a blip was not associated with a recent change in CD4+ T-cell count. Finally, in PHI patients the VL set point was a significant predictor of blip frequency during treatment.

scholarly journals Safety and Immunogenicity of ALVAC vCP1452 and Recombinant gp160 in Newly Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients Treated with Prolonged Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 2206-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Jin ◽  
Murugappan Ramanathan, ◽  
Shady Barsoum ◽  
Geoffrey R. Deschenes ◽  
Lei Ba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT In order to boost immune responses in persons in whom highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was initiated within 120 days of the onset of symptoms of newly acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, we administered vaccines containing a canarypox virus vector, vCP1452, with HIV-1 genes encoding multiple HIV-1 proteins, and recombinant gp160. Fifteen HIV-1-infected subjects who achieved sustained suppression of plasma viremia for at least 2 years were enrolled. While continuing antiretroviral therapy, each subject received at least four intramuscular injections of the vaccines on days 0, 30, 90, and 180. Adverse events were mild, with the most common being transient tenderness at the vCP1452 injection site. Of the 14 patients who completed vaccination, 13 had significant increases in anti-gp120 or anti-p24 antibody titers, and 9 had transient augmentation of their T-cell proliferation responses to gp160 and/or p24. HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were quantified using an intracellular gamma interferon staining assay. Among 11 patients who had increased CD8+ T-cell responses, seven had responses to more than one HIV-1 antigen. In summary, vaccination with vCP1452 and recombinant gp160 appears safe and immunogenic in newly HIV-1-infected patients on HAART.

scholarly journals Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo in CD14+ Monocytes and Its Potential Role as a Source of Virus in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuofu Zhu ◽  
David Muthui ◽  
Sarah Holte ◽  
David Nickle ◽  
Feng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT In vitro studies show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not replicate in freshly isolated monocytes unless monocytes differentiate to monocyte-derived macrophages. Similarly, HIV-1 may replicate in macrophages in vivo, whereas it is unclear whether blood monocytes are permissive to productive infection with HIV-1. We investigated HIV-1 replication in CD14+ monocytes and resting and activated CD4+ T cells by measuring the levels of cell-associated viral DNA and mRNA and the genetic evolution of HIV-1 in seven acutely infected patients whose plasma viremia had been <100 copies/ml for 803 to 1,544 days during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-1 DNA was detected in CD14+ monocytes as well as in activated and resting CD4+ T cells throughout the course of study. While significant variation in the decay slopes of HIV-1 DNA was seen among individual patients, viral decay in CD14+ monocytes was on average slower than that in activated and resting CD4+ T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 sequence evolution and the concentrations of unspliced and multiply spliced mRNA provided evidence of ongoing HIV-1 replication, more pronounced in CD14+ monocytes than in resting CD4+ T cells. Phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 sequences indicated that after prolonged HAART, viral populations related or identical to those found only in CD14+ monocytes were seen in plasma from three of the seven patients. In the other four patients, HIV-1 sequences in plasma and the three cell populations were identical. CD14+ monocytes appear to be one of the potential in vivo sources of HIV-1 in patients receiving HAART.

scholarly journals Identification of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes and Evaluation of Reconstitution of KSHV-Specific Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2634-2640 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wilkinson ◽  
Alethea Cope ◽  
Jas Gill ◽  
Dimitra Bourboulia ◽  
Peter Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has significantly declined in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive (HIV-1+) individuals and clinical remission is often observed. We hypothesize that these effects are partly due to anti-KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) immune restoration. Here, 15-mer overlapping peptides from proteins K12 and K8.1 were used to identify novel KSHV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Three immunogenic peptides, two lytic and one latent, were subsequently used to monitor the anti-KSHV CD8+ T-cell responses in a cohort of 19 HIV-1+ KSHV+/− KS+/− individuals during 52 weeks of HAART. KSHV and HIV-1 loads, KSHV antibody titers, and both CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were enumerated. Prior to HAART, the total number of spot-forming cells (SFC) for all three peptides correlated with both CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts (P ≤ 0.05) in the KSHV-positive KS-positive cohort (n = 11). Following 52 weeks of HAART, significant decreases in HIV-1 and KSHV loads were associated with significant increases in CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and number of SFC for the three KSHV-specific peptides. Although these increases were modest in comparison to the number of SFC observed with the HIV-1 gag peptide SLYNTVATL, they represented a fourfold increase from the baseline, continuing an upward trend to week 52.

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