scholarly journals Frequency and Genetic Diversity of theMAT1Locus of Histoplasma capsulatum Isolates in Mexico and Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Rodríguez-Arellanes ◽  
Carolina Nascimento de Sousa ◽  
Mauro de Medeiros-Muniz ◽  
José A. Ramírez ◽  
Cláudia V. Pizzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Strains

ABSTRACTTheMAT1-1andMAT1-2idiomorphs associated with theMAT1locus ofHistoplasma capsulatumwere identified by PCR. A total of 28 fungal isolates, 6 isolates from human clinical samples and 22 isolates from environmental (infected bat and contaminated soil) samples, were studied. Among the 14 isolates from Mexico, 71.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 48.3% to 94.5%) were of theMAT1-2genotype, whereas 100% of the isolates from Brazil were of theMAT1-1genotype. EachMAT1idiomorphic region was sequenced and aligned, using the sequences of the G-217B (+ mating type) and G-186AR (− mating type) strains as references. BLASTn analyses of theMAT1-1andMAT1-2sequences studied correlated with their respective + and − mating type genotypes. Trees were generated by the maximum likelihood (ML) method to search for similarity among isolates of eachMAT1idiomorph. AllMAT1-1isolates originated from Brazilian bats formed a well-defined group; three isolates from Mexico, the G-217B strain, and a subgroup encompassing all soil-derived isolates and two clinical isolates from Brazil formed a second group; last, one isolate (EH-696P) from a migratory bat captured in Mexico formed a third group of theMAT1-1genotype. TheMAT1-2idiomorph formed two groups, one of which included twoH. capsulatumisolates from infected bats that were closely related to the G-186AR strain. The other group was formed by two human isolates and six isolates from infected bats. Concatenated ML trees, with internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) -5.8S-ITS2 andMAT1-1orMAT1-2sequences, support the relatedness ofMAT1-1orMAT1-2isolates.H. capsulatummating types were associated with the geographical origin of the isolates, and all isolates from Brazil correlated with their environmental sources.

scholarly journals Phytophthora infestans Mating Types on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Southern Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Segura ◽  
M. de Cara ◽  
M. Santos ◽  
J. Tello
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Tomato Seeds

During 2004, an unusual spread of Phytophthora infestans on tomato plants in greenhouses located in Almería and Granada provinces, southern Spain, was observed. Infected plants had water-soaked, brown spots on leaves and stems and necrotic areas with white mold on the surface of fruits. Three isolates were obtained by plating diseased tissue on V8 juice agar medium and maintained on rye agar at 18°C. These isolates were analyzed for the mating type. Crosses were carried out using V8 juice agar and rye agar. The two parental isolates US1 (A1) and US8 (A2) were both provided by W. E. Fry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Two of the Spanish isolates were homothallic and the other isolate belonged to the uncommon mating type A1A2. To confirm the occurrence of the two mating types, 43 single-sporangium progeny were produced and analyzed from the A1A2 mating type. Thirty eight isolates were A1, two were A2, one was A1A2 mating type, and two were sterile. Assessment of five single-sporangium progeny from the homothallic type resulted in two A1, two homothallic, and one sterile isolate. A1A2 isolates produced oospores when crossed with either A1 or A2, but not when self-crossed. Previously, the A1A2 mating type has been found in Israel in the field and was obtained from oospores produced on tomato seeds (2,3). Since 2003, mating types of P. infestans isolates recovered from potato (60) and tomato (8) in southern Spain have been characterized. Seventy-five percent of the isolates recovered from potato were A1 and 25% were A2 mating types. Isolates recovered from tomato were 50% A1 and 50% A2 (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of the A1A2 mating type and homothallic P. infestans isolates on tomato in Spain. References: (1) E. Andujar et al. Congr. Sociedad Española de Fitopatol. 12:244, 2004. (2) E. Rubin and Y. Cohen. Phytoparasitica 32:237, 2004. (3) E. Rubin and Y. Cohen. Plant Dis. 90:741, 2006.

scholarly journals Spiribacter aquaticus Leon et al. 2017 is a later heterotypic synonym of Spiribacter roseus Leon et al. 2016. Reclassification of Halopeptonella vilamensis Menes et al. 2016 as Spiribacter vilamensis comb. nov.

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2873-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José León ◽  
Cristina Galisteo ◽  
Antonio Ventosa ◽  
Cristina Sánchez-Porro
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Average Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Type Strains

A comparative taxonomic study of Spiribacter and Halopeptonella species was carried out using a phylogenomic approach based on comparison of the core genome, orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANIu), Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) and average amino acid identity (AAI). Phylogenomic analysis based on 976 core translated gene sequences obtained from their genomes showed that Spiribacter aquaticus SP30T, S. curvatus UAH-SP71T, S. roseus SSL50T, S. salinus M19-40T and Halopeptonella vilamensis DSM 21056T formed a robust cluster, clearly separated from the remaining species of closely related taxa. AAI between H. vilamensis DSM 21056T and the species of the genus Spiribacter was ≥73.1 %, confirming that all these species belong to the same single genus. On the other hand, S. roseus SSL50T and S. aquaticus SP30T showed percentages of OrthoANIu and digital DNA–DNA hybridization of 98.4 % and 85.3 %, respectively, while these values among those strains and the type strains of the other species of Spiribacter and H. vilamensis DSM 21056T were ≤80.8 and 67.8 %, respectively. Overall, these data show that S. roseus SSL50T and S. aquaticus SP30T constitute a single species and thus that S. aquaticus SP30T should be considered as a later, heterotypic synonym of S. roseus SSL50T based on the rules for priority of names. We propose an emended description of S. roseus , including the features of S. aquaticus . We also propose the reclassification of H. vilamensis as Spiribacter vilamensis comb. nov.

scholarly journals Cloning the mating types of the heterothallic fungus Podospora anserina: developmental features of haploid transformants carrying both mating types.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Picard ◽  
R Debuchy ◽  
E Coppin
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Podospora Anserina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Fruiting Body Development ◽  
Mat Locus ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Developmental Features

Abstract DNAs that encode the mating-type functions (mat+ and mat-) of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina were cloned with the use of the mating-type A probe from Neurospora crassa. Cloning the full mat information was ascertained through gene replacement experiments. Molecular and functional analyses of haploid transformants carrying both mating types lead to several striking conclusions. Mat+ mat- strains are dual maters. However, the resident mat information is dominant to the mat information added by transformation with respect to fruiting body development and ascus production. Moreover, when dual mating mat+ mat- strains are crossed to mat+ or mat- testers, there is strong selection, after fertilization, that leads to the loss from the mat+ mat- nucleus of the mat information that matches that of the tester. Finally, the mat locus contains at least two domains, one sufficient for fertilization, the other necessary for sporulation.

Mating analyses of Trichophyton benhamiae offspring reveals linkage of genetic markers used in taxonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Burmester ◽  
U-C Hipler ◽  
P Elsner ◽  
C Wiegand
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Dark Pigmentation ◽  
Trichophyton Benhamiae ◽  
Variable Morphology ◽  
Type Strains

AbstractMating experiments were conducted with four clinical Trichophyton benhamiae isolates, genetically similar to the Trichophyton benhamiae CBS 112371, featuring the plus mating type and with two minus type strains. One minus type strain belonged to the white subgroup, and the other minus type strain, DSM 6916, showed genetic kinship to the yellow subgroup. Only two plus type strains were able to form mature, pigmented gymnothecia with DSM 6916. These two plus type strains demonstrated dark pigmentation and powdery mycelium on Takashio agar, whereas the other three strains exhibited a low degree of pigmentation on the same medium. All five plus strains were able to mate with the minus type strain of their own white subgroup. Cultures from single ascospore isolates showed highly variable morphology and pigmentation. Three genetic markers (ITS, mating type, EF1 alpha) were analyzed in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments with optimized primers and PCR conditions to discriminate between subgroups. Furthermore, RAPD-PCR was used to generate a DSM 6916-specific DNA-fragment which served as an additional genetic marker. Assessing the isolates with recombinant genotypes, it was found that three genetic markers behave like linked genes. The recombination of plus mating type went together with ITS, EF1 alpha and RAPD marker of the DSM 6916 parental strain and was most frequently isolated, whereas plus types recombinants in this case were completely missing. This shows a high imbalance in mating type distribution of recombinants.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Mating Type Distribution of Tuber melanosporum and Their Significance to Truffle Cultivation in Artificially Planted Truffiéres in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6534-6539 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Linde ◽  
H. Selmes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Tuber Melanosporum ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Truffle Cultivation ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Tuber Brumale ◽  
Source Populations

ABSTRACTTuber melanosporumis a truffle native to Europe and is cultivated in countries such as Australia for the gastronomic market, where production yields are often lower than expected. We assessed the genetic diversity ofT. melanosporumwith six microsatellite loci to assess the effect of genetic drift on truffle yield in Australia. Genetic diversity as assessed on 210 ascocarps revealed a higher allelic diversity compared to previous studies from Europe, suggesting a possible genetic expansion and/or multiple and diverse source populations for inoculum. The results also suggest that the single sequence repeat diversity of locus ME2 is adaptive and that, for example, the probability of replication errors is increased for this locus. Loss of genetic diversity in Australian populations is therefore not a likely factor in limiting ascocarp production. A survey of nursery seedlings and trees inoculated withT. melanosporumrevealed that <70% of seedlings and host trees were colonized withT. melanosporumand that some trees had been contaminated byTuber brumale, presumably during the inoculation process. Mating type (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) analyses on seedling and four- to ten-year-old host trees found that 100% of seedlings but only approximately half of host trees had both mating types present. Furthermore, MAT1-1-1 was detected significantly more commonly than MAT1-2-1 in established trees, suggesting a competitive advantage for MAT1-1-1 strains. This study clearly shows that there are more factors involved in ascocarp production than just the presence of both mating types on host trees.

Diversity of Penicillium species isolated from heavy metal polluted soil in Guizhou Province, China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 273 (3) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
QING-XIN ZHOU ◽  
JOS HOUBRAKEN ◽  
QI-RUI LI ◽  
YING XU ◽  
KEVIN D. HYDE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Β Tubulin

Seven Penicillium strains were isolated from soil samples polluted by heavy metals in different zones of Guizhou Province, China. Phenotypic identification proved to be difficult and this data was therefore supplemented with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and partial β-tubulin sequences. Comparison of the obtained sequences with references sequences showed that six strain belonged to Penicillium section Lanata-divaricata and one strain to section Sclerotiora. Three of the seven isolates belonged to a new species and were named here P. terrarumae sp. nov. The other four isolates were identified as P. cremeogriseum, P. guanacastense, P. griseopurpureum and P. oxalicum.

scholarly journals Development of Molecular Methods for Rapid Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine Strains from Field Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga M. Sulyok ◽  
Zsuzsa Kreizinger ◽  
Katinka Bekő ◽  
Barbara Forró ◽  
Szilvia Marton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Routine Diagnostics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Production Losses

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma gallisepticum is among the most economically significant mycoplasmas causing production losses in poultry. Seven melt-curve and agarose gel-based mismatch amplification mutation assays (MAMAs) and one PCR are provided in the present study to distinguish the M. gallisepticum vaccine strains and field isolates based on mutations in the crmA, gapA, lpd, plpA, potC, glpK, and hlp2 genes. A total of 239 samples (M. gallisepticum vaccine and type strains, pure cultures, and clinical samples) originating from 16 countries and from at least eight avian species were submitted to the presented assays for validation or in blind tests. A comparison of the data from 126 samples (including sequences available at GenBank) examined by the developed assays and a recently developed multilocus sequence typing assay showed congruent typing results. The sensitivity of the melt-MAMA assays varied between 101 and 104 M. gallisepticum template copies/reaction, while that of the agarose-MAMAs ranged from 103 to 105 template copies/reaction, and no cross-reactions occurred with other Mycoplasma species colonizing birds. The presented assays are also suitable for discriminating multiple strains in a single sample. The developed assays enable the differentiation of live vaccine strains by targeting two or three markers/vaccine strain; however, considering the high variability of the species, the combined use of all assays is recommended. The suggested combination provides a reliable tool for routine diagnostics due to the sensitivity and specificity of the assays, and they can be performed directly on clinical samples and in laboratories with basic PCR equipment.

scholarly journals Creation of Stable Heterothallic Strains ofKomagataella phaffiiEnables Dissection of Mating Gene Regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Heistinger ◽  
Brigitte Gasser ◽  
Diethard Mattanovich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeast ◽  
Diploid Cell ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Inverted Repeat Region ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Diploid Cells

ABSTRACTThe methylotrophic yeastKomagataella phaffii(Pichia pastoris) is homothallic and has been reported to switch mating type by an ancient inversion mechanism. Two mating-type (MAT) loci include homologs of theMATaandMATα transcription factor genes, with the expression from one locus downregulated by telomere position effects. However, not much is known about mating gene regulation, since the mixture of mating types complicates detailed investigations. In this study, we developedK. phaffiistrains with stable mating types by deletion of the inverted-repeat region required for mating-type switching. These heterothallic strains retain their ability to mate with cells of the opposite mating type and were used to further elucidate mating gene regulation. Functional analysis ofMATmutant strains revealed the essential role ofMATa2andMATα1in diploid cell formation. Disruption ofMATa1orMATα2did not affect mating; however, in diploid cells, both genes are required for sporulation and the repression of shmoo formation. The heterothallic strains generated in this study allowed the first detailed characterization of mating gene regulation inK. phaffii. They will be a valuable tool for further studies investigating cell-type-specific behavior and will enable in-depth genetic analyses and strain hybridization in this industrially relevant yeast species.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Molecular Diagnostic Method for Rapid Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, the Causative Agent of Epizootic Lymphangitis, in Equine Clinical Samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2990-2999
Author(s):  
C. E. Scantlebury ◽  
G. L. Pinchbeck ◽  
P. Loughnane ◽  
N. Aklilu ◽  
T. Ashine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic Method

Histoplasma capsulatumvar.farciminosum, the causative agent of epizootic lymphangitis (EZL), is endemic in parts of Africa. Diagnosis based on clinical signs and microscopy lacks specificity and is a barrier to further understanding this neglected disease. Here, a nested PCR method targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA operon was validated for application to equine clinical samples. Twenty-nine horses with signs of EZL from different climatic regions of Ethiopia were clinically examined. Blood samples and aspirates of pus from cutaneous nodules were taken, along with blood from a further 20 horses with no cutaneous EZL lesions. Among the 29 horses with suspected cases of EZL,H. capsulatumvar.farciminosumwas confirmed by extraction of DNA from pus and blood samples from 25 and 17 horses, respectively. Positive PCR results were also obtained with heat-inactivated pus (24 horses) and blood (23 horses) spotted onto Whatman FTA cards. Two positive results were obtained among blood samples from 20 horses that did not exhibit clinical signs of EZL. These are the first reports of the direct detection ofH. capsulatumvar.farciminosumin equine blood and at high frequency among horses exhibiting cutaneous lesions. The nested PCR outperformed conventional microscopic diagnosis, as characteristic yeast cells could be observed only in 14 pus samples. The presence ofH. capsulatumvar.farciminosumDNA was confirmed by sequencing the cloned PCR products, and while alignment of the ITS amplicons showed very little sequence variation, there was preliminary single nucleotide polymorphism-based evidence for the existence of two subgroups ofH. capsulatumvar.farciminosum. This molecular diagnostic method now permits investigation of the epidemiology of EZL.

scholarly journals Parthenogenesis and the Evolution of Anisogamy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. A. Constable ◽  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Progeny Size ◽  
Parthenogenetic Reproduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Contribution

Recently, it was pointed out (Lehtonen et al., 2021) that classic models for the evolution of anisogamy do not take into account the possibility of parthenogenetic reproduction, even though sex is facultative in many relevant taxa (e.g. algae) that harbour both anisogamous and isogamous species. Here we complement the analysis of (Lehtonen et al., 2021) with an approach where we assume that the relationship between progeny size and its survival may differ between parthenogenetically and sexually produced progeny, favouring either the former or the latter. We show that the findings of (Lehtonen et al., 2021), that parthenogenesis can stabilise isogamy relative to the obligate sex case, extend to our scenarios. We additionally investigate two different ways for one mating type to take over the entire population. First, parthenogenesis can lead to biased sex ratios that are sufficiently extreme that one type can displace the other, leading to de facto asexuality for the remaining type that now lacks partners to fuse with. This process involves positive feedback: microgametes, being numerous, lack opportunities for syngamy, and should they proliferate parthenogenetically, the next generation makes this asexual route even more prominent for microgametes. Second, we consider mutations to strict asexuality in producers of micro- or macrogametes, and show that the prospects of asexual invasion depend strongly on the mating type in which the mutation arises. Perhaps most interestingly, we also find scenarios in which parthenogens have an intrinsic survival advantage yet facultatively sexual isogamous populations are robust to the invasion of asexuals, despite us assuming no genetic benefits of recombination. Here equal contribution from both mating types to zygotes that are sufficiently well provisioned to outweigh the additional costs associated with syngamy.

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