scholarly journals Dominant Epitopes of the C6 Diagnostic Peptide of Borrelia burgdorferi Are Largely Inaccessible to Antibody on the Parent VlsE Molecule

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica E. Embers ◽  
Mary B. Jacobs ◽  
Barbara J. B. Johnson ◽  
Mario T. Philipp
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Molecular Surface ◽  
Surface Molecule ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Variable Surface

ABSTRACTLyme borreliosis (LB) is a disease for which antibody-based detection assays are often required for diagnosis. The variable surface molecule VlsE and IR6, one of its invariable regions, are commonly targeted by the antibody response in infected individuals. A series of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays was performed to comparatively examine the antibody responses of North American LB patients (n= 37) to VlsE and invariable segments of this molecule. Both immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses to full-length VlsE and to peptides reproducing invariable regions 2, 4, and 6, as well as the invariable domains at the amino and carboxyl termini of VlsE, were assessed. The proportions and specificities of reactivity to the invariable segments were tested by using cognate peptides as competitors for VlsE binding by patient serum antibodies. IR6 epitopes (by the C6 peptide) were found to dominate the response to invariable segments. IR6 (C6)-specific antibodies were detected in 78% of the serum specimens, whereas <40% of patients generated antibodies that bound the N- or C-terminal domain and <12% of patients responded to either IR2 or IR4. Interestingly, 15 of 37 patients generated IgG antibodies that reacted with C6 but not with VlsE. Conversely, IgM responses were frequent for VlsE but not for invariable segments. A representative number of the serum specimens (n= 8) that contained IgG antibodies reacting with both C6 and VlsE was assessed in competition experiments, using C6 as a competitor. Only half of these specimens contained IgG antibodies whose binding to VlsE could be inhibited >50% by competition with the added C6 peptide. The median percent inhibition was 45.5%. These findings indicate that IR6 epitopes are largely concealed from the VlsE molecular surface and that full-length VlsE-based diagnosis likely detects antibodies to conformational and/or variable region epitopes.

scholarly journals Modified Vaccinia Ankara Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Expressing Full-Length Spike Induces Strong Neutralizing Antibody Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Kishore Routhu ◽  
Sailaja Gangadhara ◽  
Narayanaiah Cheedarla ◽  
Ayalnesh Shiferaw ◽  
Sheikh Abdul Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Potential Vaccine

AbstractThere is a great need for the development of vaccines for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we developed two modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) based vaccines which express either a membrane anchored full-length spike protein (MVA/S) stabilized in a prefusion state or the S1 region of the spike (MVA/S1) which forms trimers and is secreted. Both immunogens contained the receptor-binding domain (RBD) which is a known target of antibody-mediated neutralization. Following immunizations with MVA/S or MVA/S1, both spike protein recombinants induced strong IgG antibodies to purified full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The MVA/S induced a robust antibody response to purified RBD, S1 and S2 whereas MVA/S1 induced an antibody response to the S1 region outside of the RBD region. Both vaccines induced an antibody response in the lung and that was associated with induction of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. MVA/S but not MVA/S1 vaccinated mice generated robust neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 that strongly correlated with RBD antibody binding titers. Mechanistically, S1 binding to ACE-2 was strong but reduced following prolonged pre-incubation at room temperature suggesting confirmation changes in RBD with time. These results demonstrate MVA/S is a potential vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Mucosal versus systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baweleta Isho ◽  
Kento T Abe ◽  
Michelle Zuo ◽  
Alainna J Jamal ◽  
Bhavisha Rathod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Surrogate Measure ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Negative Controls

While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the mucosal immune response and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Since SARS-CoV-2 initially replicates in the upper airway, the antibody response in the oral cavity is likely an important parameter that influences the course of infection, but how it correlates to the antibody response in serum is not known. Here, we profile by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor binding domain (RBD) in serum (n=496) and saliva (n=90) of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Whereas anti-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. In a surrogate neutralization ELISA (snELISA), neutralization activity peaks by 31-45 days PSO and slowly declines, though a clear drop is detected at the last blood draw (105-115 days PSO). Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that systemic and mucosal humoral IgG antibodies are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. Based on their correlation with each other, IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity.

scholarly journals Generation of Antibody Responses to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides Is Independent of CD1 Expression in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1976-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Moens ◽  
Axel Jeurissen ◽  
Stefan Nierkens ◽  
Louis Boon ◽  
Luc Van Kaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Protection Against Infection

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial microorganism that frequently causes serious infection, particularly in children and the elderly. Protection against infection with S. pneumoniae is based mainly on the generation of antibodies to the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (caps-PS), but the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anticapsular antibodies remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of CD1-restricted T cells in the antibody response to caps-PS. When immunized with Pneumo23, wild-type mice and CD1 knockout mice on BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds generated immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody responses to soluble caps-PS that were comparable. Similar results were obtained after immunization with heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae. The IgM and IgG antibody response of wild-type mice to Pneumo23 was not affected by an antagonizing monoclonal anti-CD1 antibody treatment. In summary, our data provide evidence that the antibody response to caps-PS is generated independently of CD1 expression.

scholarly journals Detection of antibodies to decorin-binding protein A (DbpA) and DbpB after infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-485
Author(s):  
Darby G. Oldenburg ◽  
Dean A. Jobe ◽  
Steven D. Lovrich ◽  
Rhonda L. LaFleur ◽  
Douglas W. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples

We characterized the antibody response to decorin-binding protein A (DbpA) or DbpB from immune serum samples collected from 27 dogs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to DbpA or DbpB were rarely detected, but high levels of IgG antibodies to DbpA were detected in 16 of 27 of the immune sera collected 1 mo after infection, 20 of 25 of the sera collected after 2 mo, and each of the 23, 17, or 11 serum samples evaluated after 3, 4, or 5 mo, respectively. In addition, IgG antibodies to DbpB were detected in 22 of 27 ( p = 0.005) tested dogs after 1 mo, and the frequency of detecting the antibodies thereafter closely mimicked the antibody responses to DbpA. Moreover, antibodies to DbpA or DbpB were not produced by dogs vaccinated with a whole-cell B. burgdorferi bacterin; removing the antibodies to DbpA by adsorption to recombinant DbpA (rDbpA) did not affect the reactivity detected by a rDbpB ELISA. Therefore, the findings from our preliminary study showed that antigenically distinct antibodies to DbpA or DbpB are produced reliably during canine infection with B. burgdorferi, and the response is not confounded by vaccination with a Lyme disease bacterin. Larger studies are warranted to more critically evaluate whether detecting the antibody responses can improve serodiagnostic confirmation of canine Lyme disease.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to rhesus cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B in naturally infected rhesus macaques

2003 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 3371-3379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujuan Yue ◽  
Shan Shan Zhou ◽  
Peter A. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Rhesus Cytomegalovirus

Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) exhibits strong parallels with human CMV (HCMV) in terms of nucleic and amino acid identities, natural history, and mechanisms of persistence and pathogenesis in its natural host, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). To determine whether this non-human primate model would be useful to assess vaccine strategies for HCMV, host immune responses to RhCMV glycoprotein B (gB) were evaluated in RhCMV-infected monkeys. Total protein extracts were prepared from cells transiently transfected with an expression plasmid for either the full-length gB or a derivative (gBΔ, 1–680 aa) lacking both the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail. Western blot analysis showed identical reactivity of macaque sera with full-length gB and its derivative gBΔ, indicating that the immunodominant epitopes of gB are contained in the extracellular portion of the protein. Using gBΔ extract as a solid phase, a sensitive and specific ELISA was established to characterize gB antibody responses in monkeys acutely and chronically infected with RhCMV. During primary infection (seroconversion), gB-specific antibodies developed concurrently and in parallel with total RhCMV-specific antibodies. However, during chronic infection gB-specific antibody responses were variable. A strong correlation was observed between neutralizing and gB-specific antibody levels in RhCMV-seropositive monkeys. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that, similar to host humoral responses to HCMV gB, anti-gB antibodies are an integral part of humoral immunity to RhCMV infection and probably play an important protective role in limiting the extent of RhCMV infection. Thus, the rhesus macaque model of HCMV infection is relevant for testing gB-based immune therapies.

scholarly journals Antibody response and viraemia during the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijun Chen ◽  
Zuyuan Xu ◽  
Jingsong Mu ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
Haixue Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

To understand the time-course of viraemia and antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), RT-PCR and ELISA were used to assay 376 blood samples from 135 SARS patients at various stages of the illness, including samples from patients who were in their early convalescent phase. The results showed that IgM antibodies decreased and became undetectable 11 weeks into the recovery phase. IgG antibodies, however, remained detectable for a period beyond 11 weeks and were found in 100 % of patients in the early convalescent phase. SARS-CoV viraemia mainly appeared 1 week after the onset of illness and then decreased over a period of 1 month, becoming undetectable in the blood samples of the convalescent patients. At the peak of viraemia, viral RNA was detectable in 75 % of blood samples from patients who were clinically diagnosed with SARS 1 or 2 weeks before the test.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Antibody Responses in Tuberculosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3936-3940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Lyashchenko ◽  
Roberto Colangeli ◽  
Michel Houde ◽  
Hamdan Al Jahdali ◽  
Dick Menzies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Specific Antibodies

ABSTRACT Antibody responses during tuberculosis were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a panel of 10 protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was shown that serum immunoglobulin G antibodies were produced against a variety of M. tuberculosis antigens and that the vast majority of sera from tuberculosis patients contained antibodies against one or more M. tuberculosis antigens. The number and the species of serologically reactive antigens varied greatly from individual to individual. In a given serum, the level of specific antibodies also varied with the antigen irrespective of the total number of antigens recognized by that particular serum. These findings indicate that person-to-person heterogeneity of antigen recognition, rather than recognition of particular antigens, is a key attribute of the antibody response in tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Persisting antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in a local Austrian population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Ladage ◽  
Delia Rösgen ◽  
Clemens Schreiner ◽  
Dorothee Ladage ◽  
Christoph Adler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Austrian Population

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. The prevalence and persistence of antibodies following a peak SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insights into the potential for some level of population immunity. In June 2020 we succeeded in testing almost half of the population of an Austrian township with a higher incidence for COVID-19 infections. Now we performed a follow-up study to reassess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG antibodies. In 121 people, including 68 participants of the previous study we found the prevalence of IgG and IgA antibodies remaining remarkably stable with 84% of our cohort prevailing SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, which is only a slight decrease from 93% four months before. Most patients with confirmed COVID-19 seroconvert, potentially providing immunity to reinfection. Our results suggest a stable antibody response that we observed for at least six months post infection with implications for developing strategies for testing and protecting the population.

scholarly journals Detection of Ebola Virus Antibodies in Fecal Samples of Great Apes in Gabon

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Illich M. Mombo ◽  
Matthieu Fritz ◽  
Pierre Becquart ◽  
Florian Liegeois ◽  
Eric Elguero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Zaire Ebolavirus

Based on a large study conducted on wild great ape fecal samples collected in regions of Gabon where previous human outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred between 1994 and 2002, we provide evidence for prevalence of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV)-specific antibodies of 3.9% (immunoglobulin G (IgG)) and 3.5% (immunoglobulin M (IgM)) in chimpanzees and 8.8% (IgG) and 2.4% (IgM) in gorillas. Importantly, we observed a high local prevalence (31.2%) of anti-EBOV IgG antibodies in gorilla samples. This high local rate of positivity among wild great apes raises the question of a spatially and temporally localized increase in EBOV exposure risk and the role that can be played by these animals as sentinels of the virus’s spread or reemergence in a given area.

scholarly journals Maternal transfer of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies transplacentally and via breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Sajadi ◽  
Narjes Shokatpour ◽  
Allison Bathula ◽  
Zahra Tehrani ◽  
Allison Lankford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Breastfed Infants

Although there have been many studies on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk, very few have looked at the fate of these in the baby. We carried out a study in 22 mother/baby pairs (mothers who breastfed and who were SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated before or after delivery) looking at mother blood, mother milk, baby blood, baby nose, and baby stool. Breastfed infants only acquired systemic anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies if their mothers were vaccinated antepartum. None of the infants had SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in the blood, but surprisingly, half of the infants in the Antepartum group had high titer SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in the nose that exceeded titers found in breastmilk. Vaccination antepartum followed by breastfeeding appears to be the best way to provide systemic and local anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for infants.

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