scholarly journals Zoonotic Agents in Small Ruminants Kept on City Farms in Southern Germany

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 3785-3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Katarina Schilling ◽  
Helmut Hotzel ◽  
Ulrich Methner ◽  
Lisa D. Sprague ◽  
Gernot Schmoock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Close Contacts

ABSTRACTSheep and goats are popular examples of livestock kept on city farms. In these settings, close contacts between humans and animals frequently occur. Although it is widely accepted that small ruminants can carry numerous zoonotic agents, it is unknown which of these agents actually occur in sheep and goats on city farms in Germany. We sampled feces and nasal liquid of 48 animals (28 goats, 20 sheep) distributed in 7 city farms and on one activity playground in southern Germany. We found that 100% of the sampled sheep and 89.3% of the goats carried Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC). The presence ofStaphylococcusspp. in 75% of both sheep and goats could be demonstrated.Campylobacterspp. were detected in 25% and 14.3% of the sheep and goats, respectively. NeitherSalmonellaspp. norCoxiella burnetiiwas found. On the basis of these data, we propose a reasonable hygiene scheme to prevent transmission of zoonotic agents during city farm visits.

scholarly journals Subtilase Cytotoxin-Coding Genes in Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Sheep and Goats Differ from Those from Cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (23) ◽  
pp. 8259-8264 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Orden ◽  
Pilar Horcajo ◽  
Ricardo de la Fuente ◽  
José A. Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria ◽  
Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Subtilase Cytotoxin

ABSTRACTSubtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) from verotoxin (VT)-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) strains was first described in the 98NK2 strain and has been associated with human disease. However, SubAB has recently been found in two VT-negativeE. colistrains (ED 591 and ED 32). SubAB is encoded by two closely linked, cotranscribed genes (subAandsubB). In this study, we investigated the presence ofsubABgenes in 52 VTEC strains isolated from cattle and 209 strains from small ruminants, using PCR. Most (91.9%) VTEC strains from sheep and goats and 25% of the strains from healthy cattle possessedsubABgenes. The presence ofsubABin a high percentage of the VTEC strains from small ruminants might increase the pathogenicity of these strains for human beings. Some differences in the results of PCRs and in the association with some virulence genes suggested the existence of different variants ofsubAB. We therefore sequenced thesubAgene in 12 strains and showed that thesubAgene in most of thesubAB-positive VTEC strains from cattle was almost identical (about 99%) to that in the 98NK2 strain, while thesubAgene in most of thesubAB-positive VTEC strains from small ruminants was almost identical to that in the ED 591 strain. We propose the termssubAB1to describe the SubAB-coding genes resembling that in the 98NK2 strain andsubAB2to describe those resembling that in the ED 591 strain.

scholarly journals Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects of Recombinant Subtilase Cytotoxin Variants of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 2338-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Funk ◽  
N. Biber ◽  
M. Schneider ◽  
E. Hauser ◽  
S. Enzenmüller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
B Subunits ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Apoptotic Effects ◽  
Subtilase Cytotoxin

In this study, the cytotoxicity of the recently described subtilase variant SubAB2-2of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliwas determined and compared to the plasmid-encoded SubAB1and the chromosome-encoded SubAB2-1variant. The genes for the respective enzymatic active (A) subunits and binding (B) subunits of the subtilase toxins were amplified and cloned. The recombinant toxin subunits were expressed and purified. Their cytotoxicity on Vero cells was measured for the single A and B subunits, as well as for mixtures of both, to analyze whether hybrids with toxic activity can be identified. The results demonstrated that all three SubAB variants are toxic for Vero cells. However, the values for the 50% cytotoxic dose (CD50) differ for the individual variants. Highest cytotoxicity was shown for SubAB1. Moreover, hybrids of subunits from different subtilase toxins can be obtained which cause substantial cytotoxicity to Vero cells after mixing the A and B subunits prior to application to the cells, which is characteristic for binary toxins. Furthermore, higher concentrations of the enzymatic subunit SubA1exhibited cytotoxic effects in the absence of the respective B1subunit. A more detailed investigation in the human HeLa cell line revealed that SubA1alone induced apoptosis, while the B1subunit alone did not induce cell death.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic structure of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from sub-lineage to SNPs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Dallman ◽  
David R. Greig ◽  
Saheer E. Gharbia ◽  
Claire Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Cluster Threshold

Sequence similarity of pathogen genomes can infer the relatedness between isolates as the fewer genetic differences identified between pairs of isolates, the less time since divergence from a common ancestor. Clustering based on hierarchical single linkage clustering of pairwise SNP distances has been employed to detect and investigate outbreaks. Here, we evaluated the evidence-base for the interpretation of phylogenetic clusters of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7. Whole genome sequences of 1193 isolates of STEC O157:H7 submitted to Public Health England between July 2015 and December 2016 were mapped to the Sakai reference strain. Hierarchical single linkage clustering was performed on the pairwise SNP difference between all isolates at descending distance thresholds. Cases with known epidemiological links fell within 5-SNP single linkage clusters. Five-SNP single linkage community clusters where an epidemiological link was not identified were more likely to be temporally and/or geographically related than sporadic cases. Ten-SNP single linkage clusters occurred infrequently and were challenging to investigate as cases were few, and temporally and/or geographically dispersed. A single linkage cluster threshold of 5-SNPs has utility for the detection of outbreaks linked to both persistent and point sources. Deeper phylogenetic analysis revealed that the distinction between domestic UK and imported isolates could be inferred at the sub-lineage level. Cases associated with domestically acquired infection that fall within clusters that are predominantly travel associated are likely to be caused by contaminated imported food.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Mediated Modulations of Outer Membrane Vesicles in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 and O157:H7

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Bauwens ◽  
Lisa Kunsmann ◽  
Helge Karch ◽  
Alexander Mellmann ◽  
Martina Bielaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Major Virulence Factor

ABSTRACT Ciprofloxacin, meropenem, fosfomycin, and polymyxin B strongly increase production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in Escherichia coli O104:H4 and O157:H7. Ciprofloxacin also upregulates OMV-associated Shiga toxin 2a, the major virulence factor of these pathogens, whereas the other antibiotics increase OMV production without the toxin. These two effects might worsen the clinical outcome of infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Our data support the existing recommendations to avoid antibiotics for treatment of these infections.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Analysis of a Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 Strain Isolated from Cattle Feces

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
Yen-Te Liao ◽  
Vivian C. H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Enterocyte Effacement

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O103 is one of the primary pathogenic contaminants of beef products, contributing to several foodborne outbreaks in recent years. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of a STEC O103:H2 strain isolated from cattle feces that contains a locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of a T4-like Phage, Escherichia Phage vB_EcoM-Sa45lw, Infecting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Te Liao ◽  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
Alexandra Salvador ◽  
Vivian C. H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Reading Frames

Escherichia phage vB_EcoM-Sa45lw, a new member of the T4-like phages, was isolated from surface water in a produce-growing area. The phage, containing double-stranded DNA with a genome size of 167,353 bp and 282 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), is able to infect generic Escherichia coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O45 and O157 strains.

scholarly journals A Toxic Environment: a Growing Understanding of How Microbial Communities Affect Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga Toxin Expression

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Nawrocki ◽  
Hillary M. Mosso ◽  
Edward G. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lambdoid Prophage

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains, including E. coli O157:H7, cause severe illness in humans due to the production of Shiga toxin (Stx) and other virulence factors. Because Stx is coregulated with lambdoid prophage induction, its expression is especially susceptible to environmental cues. Infections with Stx-producing E. coli can be difficult to model due to the wide range of disease outcomes: some infections are relatively mild, while others have serious complications. Probiotic organisms, members of the gut microbiome, and organic acids can depress Stx production, in many cases by inhibiting the growth of EHEC strains. On the other hand, the factors currently known to amplify Stx act via their effect on the stx-converting phage. Here, we characterize two interactive mechanisms that increase Stx production by O157:H7 strains: first, direct interactions with phage-susceptible E. coli, and second, indirect amplification by secreted factors. Infection of susceptible strains by the stx-converting phage can expand the Stx-producing population in a human or animal host, and phage infection has been shown to modulate virulence in vitro and in vivo. Acellular factors, particularly colicins and microcins, can kill O157:H7 cells but may also trigger Stx expression in the process. Colicins, microcins, and other bacteriocins have diverse cellular targets, and many such molecules remain uncharacterized. The identification of additional Stx-amplifying microbial interactions will improve our understanding of E. coli O157:H7 infections and help elucidate the intricate regulation of pathogenicity in EHEC strains.

scholarly journals Detection of the Emerging Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26:H11/H−Sequence Type 29 (ST29) Clone in Human Patients and Healthy Cattle in Switzerland

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (17) ◽  
pp. 5411-5413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Zweifel ◽  
Nicole Cernela ◽  
Roger Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Gene Profile ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plasmid Gene ◽  
Healthy Cattle

ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliO26:H11/H−strains showing the characteristics of the emerging human-pathogenic ST29 clone (stx2a+only,eae+, plasmid gene profilehlyA+etpD+) were detected from human patients and healthy cattle, indicating a possible reservoir. Sheep also appear to shed strains related to the new pathogenic clone O26:H11/H−(ST29,stx1a+only,eae+, plasmid gene profilehlyA+etpD+).

scholarly journals High-Quality Whole-Genome Sequences for 77 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Generated with PacBio Sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja N. Patel ◽  
Rebecca L. Lindsey ◽  
Lisley Garcia-Toledo ◽  
Lori A. Rowe ◽  
Dhwani Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Pacbio Sequencing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sequencing Platform

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an enteric foodborne pathogen that can cause mild to severe illness. Here, we report the availability of high-quality whole-genome sequences for 77 STEC strains generated using the PacBio sequencing platform.

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