scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Porcine Enterococci in Australia and the Ramifications for Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Lee ◽  
David Jordan ◽  
Shafi Sahibzada ◽  
Rebecca Abraham ◽  
Stanley Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genomic Comparison ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Sepsis ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT Enterococci are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens that have become a major public health issue globally. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in hospital-adapted enterococci had been thought to originate from livestock. However, this association between livestock and hospital-adapted enterococci is currently unclear. This study investigates the antimicrobial susceptibilities of enterococci isolated from pig cecal samples and compares the genomic characteristics of Enterococcus faecium from pigs to those of isolates from meat chickens and from human sepsis cases. From 200 cecal samples, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for E. faecium (n = 84), E. hirae (n = 36), and E. faecalis (n = 17). Whole-genome sequencing was performed for all E. faecium isolates, and the sequences were compared to those of previously studied isolates from meat chickens and human sepsis cases through bioinformatics analysis. Resistance (non-wild type) to erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, daptomycin, virginiamycin, and quinupristin-dalfopristin was identified. More importantly, except for a single isolate harboring the vanC operon, no resistance was observed in the three species to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid, which are critically important antimicrobials used to treat enterococcal infections in humans. The E. faecium isolates from chickens were genetically distinct from human and pig isolates, which were more closely related. Human strains that were closely related to pig strains were not typical “hospital-adapted strains” as previously identified. The results of this study show that enterococci from Australian finisher pigs are not a source of resistance to critically important antimicrobials and that E. faecium from pigs is not part of the current human hospital-adapted population. IMPORTANCE Resistance to the critically important antimicrobials vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid is not found in enterococci collected from Australian finisher pigs. However, some antimicrobial resistance was observed. In particular, resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin, a combination of two streptogramin class antimicrobials, was identified despite the absence of streptogramin use Australia-wide since 2005. Other observed resistance among enterococci from pigs include chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline resistance. Genomic comparison of E. faecium from Australian pigs to isolates collected from previous studies on chickens and humans indicate that E. faecium from pigs are genetically more similar to those of humans than those from chickens. Despite the increased genetic similarities, E. faecium strains from pigs are phylogenetically distinct and did not belong to the dominant sequence types found in hospital-adapted strains causing sepsis in humans. Therefore, the results indicate that Australian finisher pigs are not a source of hospital-adapted E. faecium in Australia.

scholarly journals Population Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance of Canine UropathogenicEscherichia coli

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa E. LeCuyer ◽  
Barbara A. Byrne ◽  
Joshua B. Daniels ◽  
Dubraska V. Diaz-Campos ◽  
G. Kenitra Hammac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extraintestinal Disease ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACTEscherichia coliis the most common cause of human and canine urinary tract infection (UTI). Clonal groups, often with high levels of antimicrobial resistance, are a major component of theE. colipopulation that causes human UTI. While little is known about the population structure ofE. colithat causes UTI in dogs, there is evidence that dogs and humans can share fecal strains ofE. coliand that human-associated strains can cause disease in dogs. In order to better characterize theE. colistrains that cause canine UTI, we analyzed 295E. coliisolates obtained from canine urine samples from five veterinary diagnostic laboratories and analyzed their multilocus sequence types, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence-associated gene repertoires. Sequence type 372 (ST372), an infrequent human pathogen, was the predominant sequence type in dogs at all locations. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing isolates withblaCTX-Mgenes were uncommon in canine isolates but when present were often associated with sequence types that have been described in human infections. This provides support for occasional cross-host-species sharing of strains that cause extraintestinal disease and highlights the importance of understanding the role of companion animals in the overall transmission patterns of extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determinants in European Salmonella Genomic Island 1-Positive Salmonella enterica Isolates from Different Origins

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (16) ◽  
pp. 5655-5664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Beutlich ◽  
Silke Jahn ◽  
Burkhard Malorny ◽  
Elisabeth Hauser ◽  
Stephan Hühn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strain Collection

ABSTRACTSalmonellagenomic island 1 (SGI1) contains a multidrug resistance region conferring the ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance phenotype encoded byblaPSE-1,floR,aadA2,sul1, andtet(G). Its increasing spread via interbacterial transfer and the emergence of new variants are important public health concerns. We investigated the molecular properties of SGI1-carryingSalmonella entericaserovars selected from a European strain collection. A total of 38 strains belonging toS. entericaserovar Agona,S. entericaserovar Albany,S. entericaserovar Derby,S. entericaserovar Kentucky,S. entericaserovar Newport,S. entericaserovar Paratyphi B dT+, andS. entericaserovar Typhimurium, isolated between 2002 and 2006 in eight European countries from humans, animals, and food, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular typing methods (XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], plasmid analysis, and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis [MLVA]), as well as detection of resistance and virulence determinants (PCR/sequencing and DNA microarray analysis). Typing experiments revealed wide heterogeneity inside the strain collection and even within serovars. PFGE analysis distinguished a total of 26 different patterns. In contrast, the characterization of the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance revealed serovar-specific features. Apart from the classical SGI1 organization found in 61% of the strains, seven different variants were identified with antimicrobial resistance properties associated with SGI1-A (S. Derby), SGI1-C (S. Derby), SGI1-F (S. Albany), SGI1-L (S. Newport), SGI1-K (S. Kentucky), SGI1-M (S.Typhimurium), and, eventually, a novel variant similar to SGI1-C with additional gentamicin resistance encoded byaadB. Only minor serovar-specific differences among virulence patterns were detected. In conclusion, the SGI1 carriers exhibited pathogenetic backgrounds comparable to the ones published for susceptible isolates. However, because of their multidrug resistance, they may be more relevant in clinical settings.

scholarly journals Landscape of Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND)-Type Efflux Pumps in Enterobacter cloacae Complex

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 2373-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Guérin ◽  
Claire Lallement ◽  
Christophe Isnard ◽  
Anne Dhalluin ◽  
Vincent Cattoir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Active Efflux

ABSTRACTIn Gram-negative bacteria, the active efflux is an important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, but little is known about theEnterobacter cloacaecomplex (ECC). It is mediated primarily by pumps belonging to the RND (resistance-nodulation-cell division) family, and only AcrB, part of the AcrAB-TolC tripartite system, was characterized in ECC. However, detailed genome sequence analysis of the strainE. cloacaesubsp.cloacaeATCC 13047 revealed to us that 10 other genes putatively coded for RND-type transporters. We then characterized the role of all of these candidates by construction of corresponding deletion mutants, which were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility to 36 compounds, their virulence in the invertebrateGalleria mellonellamodel of infection, and their ability to form biofilm. Only the ΔacrBmutant displayed significantly different phenotypes compared to that of the wild-type strain: 4- to 32-fold decrease of MICs of several antibiotics, antiseptics, and dyes, increased production of biofilm, and attenuated virulence inG. mellonella. In order to identify specific substrates of each pump, we individually expressed intransall operons containing an RND pump-encoding gene into the ΔacrBhypersusceptible strain. We showed that three other RND-type efflux systems (ECL_00053-00055, ECL_01758-01759, and ECL_02124-02125) were able to partially restore the wild-type phenotype and to superadd to and even enlarge the broad range of antimicrobial resistance. This is the first global study assessing the role of all RND efflux pumps chromosomally encoded by the ECC, which confirms the major role of AcrB in both pathogenicity and resistance and the potential involvement of other RND-type members in acquired resistance.

Secure inpatient services: a needs assessment

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hall ◽  
Evan Yacoub ◽  
Neil Boast ◽  
Robert Bates ◽  
Rebekah Stamps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Needs Assessment ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Secure Care ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pathway Of Care ◽  
Systematic Identification

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to complete a thorough needs assessment that would enable the development of a robust pathway of care for adults with a learning disability requiring secure care, and to assist commissioners to make informed planning decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper identified people with a learning disability originating from London who were in secure care, and collected data about them. The paper used reference groups to inform the analysis. Findings – The paper identified 249 people in secure services and was able to include 136 patients in the analysis. In all, 64 were in NHS provision and 72 in independent sector provision; 109 (80.1 per cent) were male and 27 (19.9 per cent) female; on average, patients were cared for 61.5 miles away from their homes; NHS patients were far closer to home; 69.1 per cent had a mild learning disability; 82.3 per cent had a history of violence; approximately one in six patients could not progress due to a lack of an appropriate ward, facility, resource and/or intervention. Practical implications – Secure care for this population is a major public health issue. Many are placed a long way from home. Local services should be developed, and there should be sufficiently robust “step down” places for patients to be discharged to. Originality/value – Systematic identification of the needs of a marginalised group to enable better more appropriate care pathways to be developed in the future.

scholarly journals Involvement of the AcrAB-TolC Efflux Pump in the Resistance, Fitness, and Virulence of Enterobacter cloacae

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 2084-2090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Pérez ◽  
Margarita Poza ◽  
Ana Fernández ◽  
Maria del Carmen Fernández ◽  
Susana Mallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTMultidrug efflux pumps have emerged as important mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In order to cause infection, pathogenic bacteria require mechanisms to avoid the effects of host-produced compounds, and express efflux pumps may accomplish this task. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the inactivation of AcrAB-TolC on antimicrobial resistance, fitness, and virulence inEnterobacter cloacae, an opportunistic pathogen usually involved in nosocomial infections. Two different clinical isolates ofE. cloacaewere used, EcDC64 (multidrug resistance overexpressing the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump) and Jc194 (basal AcrAB-TolC expression). TheacrAandtolCgenes were deleted in strains EcDC64 and Jc194 to produce, respectively, EcΔacrAand EcΔtolCand JcΔacrAand JcΔtolCknockout (KO) derivatives. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed with all isolates, and we discovered that these mechanisms are involved in the resistance ofE. cloacaeto several antibiotics. Competition experiments were also performed with wild-type and isogenic KO strains. The competition index (CI), defined as the mutant/wild-type ratio, revealed that theacrAandtolCgenes both affect the fitness ofE. cloacae, as fitness was clearly reduced in theacrAandtolCKO strains. The median CI values obtainedin vitroandin vivowere, respectively, 0.42 and 0.3 for EcDC64/EcΔacrA, 0.24 and 0.38 for EcDC64/EcΔtolC, 0.15 and 0.11 for Jc194/JcΔacrA, and 0.38 and 0.39 for Jc194/JcΔtolC. Use of an intraperitoneal mouse model of systemic infection revealed reduced virulence in bothE. cloacaeclinical strains when either theacrAortolCgene was inactivated. In conclusion, the structural components of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump appear to play a role in antibiotic resistance as well as environmental adaptation and host virulence in clinical isolates ofE. cloacae.

scholarly journals Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in Shenzhen, China, from 2014 to 2018 Reveals the Shift of Genotypes Significantly Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhun Li ◽  
Yamei Li ◽  
Leshan Xiu ◽  
Yaling Zeng ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT The growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious global threat to gonococcal therapy. Molecular typing is an ideal tool to reveal the association between specific genotypes and resistance phenotypes that provide effective data for tracking the transmission of resistant clones of N. gonorrhoeae. In our study, we aimed to describe the molecular epidemiology of AMR and the distribution of resistance-associated genotypes in Shenzhen, China, during 2014 to 2018. In total, 909 isolates were collected from Shenzhen from 2014 to 2018. Two typing schemes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae sequence typing for antimicrobial resistance (NG-STAR), were performed for all isolates. The distribution of resistance-associated genotypes was described using goeBURST analysis combined with logistic regression data. Among 909 isolates, sequence type 8123 (ST8123), ST7363, ST1901, ST7365, and ST7360 were the most common MLST sequence types, and ST348, ST2473, ST497, and ST199 were the most prevalent NG-STAR STs. Logistic regression analysis showed that NG-STARST497, MLSTST7365, and MLSTST7360 were typically associated with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Furthermore, the internationally spreading extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant clone MLSTST1901 has been prevalent since at least 2014 in Shenzhen and showed a significant increase during 2014 to 2018. Additionally, MLSTST7363 owns the potential to become the next internationally spreading ceftriaxone-resistant ST. In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive epidemiological study to explore the correlation between AMR and specific STs, which provided important data for future studies of the molecular epidemiology of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae. Besides, these findings provide insight for adjusting surveillance strategies and therapy management in Shenzhen.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of the Potential Zoonotic Pathogens Staphylococcus felis and Staphylococcus kloosii

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Caroline Mascarenhas dos Santos ◽  
Ruili Jie ◽  
Helena Antunes Godoy ◽  
Manuela Alves ◽  
Jean-François Pombert
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Potential Reservoir

ABSTRACT Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are opportunistic pathogens frequently encountered in nosocomial infections. Animal-associated CoNS pose a zoonotic risk and constitute a potential reservoir for virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. To improve our knowledge of animal-associated CoNS, we sequenced the complete genomes of Staphylococcus felis (ATCC 49168) and Staphylococcus kloosii (ATCC 43959).

scholarly journals Novel genotypes of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe isolated from human patients in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-590
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Kakita ◽  
Hisako Kyan ◽  
Masato Miyahira ◽  
Taketoshi Takara ◽  
Eri Nakama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Reference Strains

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of Leptospira species. It is a public health issue in the tropics, including Okinawa, the southernmost prefecture of Japan. This study reports the first isolation of L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe from two human patients in Japan, and describes its molecular characterization using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLST on the two isolates, 168036 and 178129, showed that pfkB in 178129 is a novel allele, and that both isolates constitute novel sequence types (STs); ST286 for 168036 and ST287 for 178129. A minimum spanning tree based on seven alleles of L. interrogans indicates that both isolates are genetically close, but are distinct from known L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe strains. MLVA using 11 loci demonstrated that seven of the 11 loci were identical between the two isolates, whereas the identity between the isolates and the seven reference strains of L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe was zero to three loci. These results indicate that the isolates investigated in this study have novel genotypes, and are genetically closest to each other among the known L. interrogans serogroup Sejroe strains.

scholarly journals The Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Population Is Distinct and More Clonal than the Carbapenem-Susceptible Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Esteban-Cantos ◽  
Belén Aracil ◽  
Verónica Bautista ◽  
Adriana Ortega ◽  
Noelia Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Susceptible Group

ABSTRACT We studied in parallel the population structure of 90 carbapenemase-producing and 88 carbapenemase-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected in 20 Spanish hospitals, in the context of the EuSCAPE project. Fourteen and 50 multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) were detected among the carbapenemase-producing and carbapenem-susceptible isolates, respectively. ST11 and ST15 clones were more frequent in the carbapenemase-producing group than in the carbapenemase-susceptible group (P < 0.0001). Among the members of the carbapenem-suceptible group, the cefotaxime-resistant population showed population parameters that differed between the populations of the wild-type strains and the carbapenemase producers.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Four Streptococcus canis Strains Isolated from Dogs in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Seok Kim ◽  
Shoichi Sakaguchi ◽  
Yasuto Fukushima ◽  
Haruno Yoshida ◽  
Takashi Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Streptococcus Canis ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT This study reports the complete genome sequences of four strains of Streptococcus canis isolated from dogs in South Korea. Their genomes ranged from 2.157 to 2.265 Mbp, with a G+C content of 39.6% to 39.7%. The sequence types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and S. canis M-like protein alleles were characterized.

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