scholarly journals Investigating the Properties of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Proteins with Novel Loop Replacements Created Using Combinatorial Molecular Biology

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3497-3511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Pigott ◽  
Martin S. King ◽  
David J. Ellar

ABSTRACTCry proteins are a large family of crystalline toxins produced byBacillus thuringiensis. Individually, the family members are highly specific, but collectively, they target a diverse range of insects and nematodes. Domain II of the toxins is important for target specificity, and three loops at its apex have been studied extensively. There is considerable interest in determining whether modifications in this region may lead to toxins with novel specificity or potency. In this work, we studied the effect of loop substitution on toxin stability and specificity. For this purpose, sequences derived from antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDR) were used to replace native domain II apical loops to create “Crybodies.” Each apical loop was substituted either individually or in combination with a library of third heavy-chain CDR (CDR-H3) sequences to create seven distinct Crybody types. An analysis of variants from each library indicated that the Cry1Aa framework can tolerate considerable sequence diversity at all loop positions but that some sequence combinations negatively affect structural stability and protease sensitivity. CDR-H3 substitution showed that loop position was an important determinant of insect toxicity: loop 2 was essential for activity, whereas the effects of substitutions at loop 1 and loop 3 were sequence dependent. Unexpectedly, differences in toxicity did not correlate with binding to cadherins—a major class of toxin receptors—since all Crybodies retained binding specificity. Collectively, these results serve to better define the role of the domain II apical loops as determinants of specificity and establish guidelines for their modification.

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1177-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Guillermina Guerrero ◽  
Donald H. Dean ◽  
Leticia Moreno-Fierros

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Stephen Oxford ◽  
Joyce Harts Hurley

TRP channels are members of a large family of non-selective cation channels. The family which numbers over 30 is classified into 6 groups based on amino acid sequence homology. TRP channels are distributed in many peripheral tissues as well as central and peripheral nervous system. These channels are important in sensing a wide range of chemical and physical stimuli. Several TRP channels, including TRPV1 and TRPA1 are important in pain transduction pathways. This review will focus on the function of TRP channels in the trigeminovascular system and other anatomical regions which are relevant to migraine. We will discuss the possible role of TRP channels in migraine, including the potential role of TRPV1 in the hypersensitivity and allodynia frequently observed in migraine patients. We will review the status of TRP channel drugs in migraine therapeutics. We will also discuss the possible roles of TRP channels in triggering migraine attacks, a process which is not well-understood.


Author(s):  
Thomas A. Lewis

AbstractEarly in his development, love played the central role in Hegel’s attempts to overcome fragmentation and division both within society and within the self. This initial conception of love was decisively shaped by his early romantic contemporaries. Hegel soon came to see, however, that love so conceived threatens a sense of individuality intrinsic to modern identity and cannot be a basis for modern social cohesion. This form of love binds people so closely that it becomes oppressive. Hegel’s mature alternative to this early view incorporates love into a more complex conception of modern society. Here, love finds expression and plays a central role in the family, but broader social cohesion is underwritten by a diverse range of affective attachments other than love. This strategy motivates a surprisingly subtle account of patriotism together with substantial emphasis on the role of religious institutions in shaping our political dispositions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Surya Dewi Puspita

The Family Planning Programme in Indonesia is dominated by women. In year 2016, the active male participant of contraception acceptor in Jember was 1,08%. This low number achievement was occurred due to the lack of support from their wife and the family planning volunteer. The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adequate support from wife and family planning volunteer could increase the men participation. The cross-sectional design was used in statistical analysis and the multistage of random sampling was used as sampling technique.  The samples are 380 productive men. Data were collected by fulfilling questionnaires and it  analysed by logistic regression with 0,05 or ɑ=95% were significantly different. The results show there is a significant different in support of wife (p=0,000) and family planning volunteer (p=0,000) respectively. The results of research related to wife support are respondents with wives who do not support male contraception as many as 275 respondents (99%) do not participate in the family planning program and respondents with wives who support male contraception are 36 respondents (35.3%) participate in large family planning programs. support respondents to use male contraception. The results of the study related to the role of officers namely the majority of respondents with the role of passive officers as many as 214 respondents (99%) did not participate in the family planning program and respondents with the role of active officers as many as 36 respondents (22%) participated in large family planning programs the role of passive officers.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Mallevi Agustin Ningrum

AbstrakJiwa wirausaha tidak dapat diperoleh secara instan dan dalam waktu yang singkat. Modal utama menjadi wirausaha yang sukses adalah motivasi yang kuat dari dalam diri individu disamping keberanian dalam mengambil resiko, ketekunan dan keuletan dalam menjalankan usahanya sehingga menjadikan entrepreneur yang tangguh dan tidak mudah putus asa. Hal tersebut akan terwujud apabila jiwa entrepreneur dapat dipupuk sejak usia dini. Tentunya di sini peran keluarga sangat besar karena keluarga merupakan pendidik yang pertama dan utama bagi anak. Usia dini merupakan masa yang sangat penting dalam pembentukan pola bagi kehidupan anak di masa yang akan datang. Pada masa inilah peran orangtua sangat diperlukan dalam membentuk pola kehidupan mereka yaitu dengan cara menanamkan nilai-nilai moral agama, memotivasi untuk rajin belajar sehingga harapannya nanti ketika sudah dewasa dapat menjadi orang yang sukses, serta mendidik anak dengan jiwa berwirausaha sehingga ketika dewasa nanti mereka akan menyadari pentingnya penanaman moral agama, kepribadian, dan tidak bergantung pada orangtua dari segi finansial. Kesuksesan tersebut tentunya dapat ditentukan oleh pendidikan, pengalaman, latihan-latihan yang diperoleh sejak dini. Salah satu cara untuk menstimulasi tumbuhnya jiwa wirausaha anak sejak dini adalah melalui bermain dan pembiasaan. Pembiasaan anak dimulai dari bangun tidur sampai anak beraktivitas kembali merupakan metode yang tepat dan harus dilakukankan setiap hari sehingga anak-anak belajar bertanggung jawab dengan apapun yang dilakukannya. Untuk itu, peran ayah sebagai kepala keluarga harus dapat mendukung peran ibu yang tugas utamanya mengasuh dan mendidik anak agar jiwa wirausaha dapat dipupuk sejak usia dini. Keluarga berperan sangat besar dalam mengelola aktivitas anak sehari-hari. Tentunya di sini yang dapat mengkondisikan anak adalah orangtua. Jiwa wirausaha dapat dipupuk sejak dini dengan melibatkan kerjasama kedua orangtua baik peran ayah maupun ibu. AbstractEntrepreneurial spirit can not be obtained instantly and in a short time. The main capital became a successful entrepreneur is a strong motivation from within the individual in addition to courage in taking risks, perseverance and tenacity in running their business so as to make entrepreneurs are resilient and not easily discouraged. It will be realized if the entrepreneurial spirit can be nurtured from an early age. Of course, here the role of a very large family because the family is the first and primary educators for children. Early childhood is a crucial time in the formation of the pattern of life for children in the future. At this time the role of parents is indispensable in shaping their lives is by instilling moral values of religion, motivated to study hard so that his hopes later when fully grown can be successful, as well as to educate children with mental entrepreneurship so that as adults they will be aware of the importance of religious moral cultivation, personality, and not rely on parents financially. That success would be determined by education, experience, exercises derived from the outset. One way to stimulate the growth of an entrepreneurial spirit children early is through play and habituation. Habituation child starts from waking up to the child move back an appropriate method and should be underway every day so that children learn responsibility for whatever he does. To that end, the role of the father as the head of the family should be able to support the role of mothers whose primary job caring for and educating children to the entrepreneurial spirit can be nurtured from an early age. The family is very great role in managing the daily activities of children. Surely here to condition the child is the parent. Entrepreneurial spirit can be nurtured from an early age with both parents involved cooperation both father and mother  


1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Harway ◽  
◽  
Nancy Boyd-Franklin ◽  
Robert Geffner ◽  
Marsali Hansen ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Borisova ◽  
Theresa Betancourt ◽  
Wietse Tol ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merideth A. Robinson ◽  
Andrea C. Lewallen ◽  
Robyn Finckbone ◽  
Kristin Crocfer ◽  
Keith P. Klein ◽  
...  

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