scholarly journals “Candidatus Finniella” (Rickettsiales, Alphaproteobacteria), Novel Endosymbionts of Viridiraptorid Amoeboflagellates (Cercozoa, Rhizaria)

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Hess ◽  
Andreas Suthaus ◽  
Michael Melkonian
Keyword(s):  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Candidate Species ◽  
Novel Bacteria ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

ABSTRACTTheRickettsiales(Alphaproteobacteria) are obligate intracellular bacteria that colonize a wide range of eukaryotic hosts, including diverse metazoa and protists. Here, we characterize rickettsial endosymbionts discovered in the cytoplasm of the algivorous amoeboflagellatesViridiraptor invadensandOrciraptor agilis(Viridiraptoridae, Cercozoa, Rhizaria), supplying evidence of free-living, phagotrophic members of the Cercozoa serving as hosts forRickettsiales. According to 16S rRNA gene phylogenies, the bacteria represent two closely related but distinct genotypes within a deep-branching rickettsial clade, which contains the genera “CandidatusOdyssella,” “CandidatusParacaedibacter,” and “CandidatusCaptivus.” Using the full-cycle rRNA approach, we detected the novel bacteria in four of nine viridiraptorid strains tested. Furthermore, two specific oligonucleotide probes with a single-nucleotide-difference discriminated both bacterial genotypes by fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH). We establish the candidate species “CandidatusFinniella inopinata” (found inViridiraptor invadens) and “CandidatusFinniella lucida” (found inOrciraptor agilis) for the novel bacteria and propose a new, provisional family ofRickettsiales, “CandidatusParacaedibacteraceae.”

Usitatibacter rugosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Usitatibacter palustris sp. nov., novel members of Usitatibacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Nitrosomonadales isolated from soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma Vieira ◽  
Katharina J. Huber ◽  
Meina Neumann-Schaal ◽  
Alicia Geppert ◽  
Manja Luckner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Wide Range

Members of the metabolically diverse order Nitrosomonadales inhabit a wide range of environments. Two strains affiliated with this order were isolated from soils in Germany and characterized by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strains 0125_3T and Swamp67T are Gram-negative rods, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-capsulated and divide by binary fission. They tested catalase-negative, but positive for cytochrome c-oxidase. Both strains form small white colonies on agar plates and grow aerobically and chemoorganotrophically on SSE/HD 1 : 10 medium, preferably utilizing organic acids and proteinaceous substrates. Strains 0125_3T and Swamp67T are mesophilic and grow optimally without NaCl addition at slightly alkaline conditions. Major fatty acids are C16 : 1  ω7c, C16 : 0 and C14 : 0. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol. The predominant respiratory quinone is Q-8. The G+C content for 0125_3T and Swamp67T was 67 and 66.1 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that the closest relatives (<91 % sequence similarity) of strain 0125_3T were Nitrosospira multiformis ATCC 25196T, Methyloversatilis universalis FAM5T and Denitratisoma oestradiolicum AcBE2-1T, while Nitrosospira multiformis ATCC 25196T, Nitrosospira tenuis Nv1T and Nitrosospira lacus APG3T were closest to strain Swamp67T. The two novel strains shared 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and show low average nucleotide identity of their genomes (83.8 %). Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genomic and phylogenetic analysis, we propose the two novel species Usitatibacter rugosus sp. nov (type strain 0125_3T=DSM 104443T=LMG 29998T=CECT 9241T) and Usitatibacter palustris sp. nov. (type strain Swamp67T=DSM 104440T=LMG 29997T=CECT 9242T) of the novel genus Usitatibacter gen. nov., within the novel family Usitatibacteraceae fam. nov.

scholarly journals “Candidatus Midichloriaceae” fam. nov. (Rickettsiales), an Ecologically Widespread Clade of Intracellular Alphaproteobacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 3241-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Montagna ◽  
Davide Sassera ◽  
Sara Epis ◽  
Chiara Bazzocchi ◽  
Claudia Vannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Scenario ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Midichloria Mitochondrii

ABSTRACT“CandidatusMidichloria mitochondrii” is an intramitochondrial bacterium of the orderRickettsialesassociated with the sheep tickIxodes ricinus. Bacteria phylogenetically related to “Ca. Midichloria mitochondrii” (midichloria and like organisms [MALOs]) have been shown to be associated with a wide range of hosts, from amoebae to a variety of animals, including humans. Despite numerous studies focused on specific members of the MALO group, no comprehensive phylogenetic and statistical analyses have so far been performed on the group as a whole. Here, we present a multidisciplinary investigation based on 16S rRNA gene sequences using both phylogenetic and statistical methods, thereby analyzing MALOs in the overall framework of theRickettsiales. This study revealed that (i) MALOs form a monophyletic group; (ii) the MALO group is structured into distinct subgroups, verifying current genera as significant evolutionary units and identifying several subclades that could represent novel genera; (iii) the MALO group ranks at the level of describedRickettsialesfamilies, leading to the proposal of the novel family “CandidatusMidichloriaceae.” In addition, based on the phylogenetic trees generated, we present an evolutionary scenario to interpret the distribution and life history transitions of these microorganisms associated with highly divergent eukaryotic hosts: we suggest that aquatic/environmental protista have acted as evolutionary reservoirs for members of this novel family, from which one or more lineages with the capacity of infecting metazoa have evolved.

scholarly journals Enterococcus olivae sp. nov., isolated from Spanish-style green-olive fermentations

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_8) ◽  
pp. 2534-2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Lucena-Padrós ◽  
Juan M. González ◽  
Belén Caballero-Guerrero ◽  
José Luis Ruiz-Barba ◽  
Antonio Maldonado-Barragán
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Novel Bacteria ◽  
Green Olive ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Six strains of a hitherto unknown, Gram-stain-positive coccus were recovered from samples of Spanish-style green-olive fermentations. The 16S rRNA gene sequences from these isolates shared 98.7 % and 98.5 % of their nucleotide positions with those from Enterococcus saccharolyticus subsp. taiwanensis 812T and from E. saccharolyticus subsp. saccharolyticus ATCC 43076T, respectively. The sequence of the rpoA gene in the isolates was 95 % similar to that of E. saccharolyticus CECT 4309T ( = ATCC 43076T). The 16S rRNA and rpoA gene phylogenies revealed that the isolates grouped in a statistically well-supported cluster separate from E. saccharolyticus . Enzyme activity profiles as well as fermentation patterns differentiated the novel bacteria from other members of the Enterococcus genus. Finally, phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data supported the identification of a novel species of the genus Enterococcus , for which the name Enterococcus olivae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IGG16.11T ( = CECT 8063T = DSM 25431T).

scholarly journals Burkholderia insulsa sp. nov., a facultatively chemolithotrophic bacterium isolated from an arsenic-rich shallow marine hydrothermal system

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (Pt_1) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Rusch ◽  
Shaer Islam ◽  
Pratixa Savalia ◽  
Jan P. Amend
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Shallow Marine Hydrothermal System ◽  
Type Strains

Enrichment cultures inoculated with hydrothermally influenced nearshore sediment from Papua New Guinea led to the isolation of an arsenic-tolerant, acidophilic, facultatively aerobic bacterial strain designated PNG-AprilT. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile and did not form spores. Strain PNG-AprilT grew at temperatures between 4 °C and 40 °C (optimum 30–37 °C), at pH 3.5 to 8.3 (optimum pH 5–6) and in the presence of up to 2.7 % NaCl (optimum 0–1.0 %). Both arsenate and arsenite were tolerated up to concentrations of at least 0.5 mM. Metabolism in strain PNG-AprilT was strictly respiratory. Heterotrophic growth occurred with O2 or nitrate as electron acceptors, and aerobic lithoautotrophic growth was observed with thiosulfate or nitrite as electron donors. The novel isolate was capable of N2-fixation. The respiratory quinones were Q-8 and Q-7. Phylogenetically, strain PNG-AprilT belongs to the genus Burkholderia and shares the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of Burkholderia fungorum (99.8 %), Burkholderia phytofirmans (98.8 %), Burkholderia caledonica (98.4 %) and Burkholderia sediminicola (98.4 %). Differences from these related species in several physiological characteristics (lipid composition, carbohydrate utilization, enzyme profiles) and DNA–DNA hybridization suggested the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Burkholderia , for which we propose the name Burkholderia insulsa sp. nov. The type strain is PNG-AprilT ( = DSM 28142T = LMG 28183T).

scholarly journals Initial Characterization of the Two ClpP Paralogs ofChlamydia trachomatisSuggests Unique Functionality for Each

2018 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Wood ◽  
Krystal Y. Chung ◽  
Amanda M. Blocker ◽  
Nathalia Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
Martin Conda-Sheridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cells ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Clp Protease ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Developmental Form ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

ABSTRACTMembers ofChlamydiaare obligate intracellular bacteria that differentiate between two distinct functional and morphological forms during their developmental cycle, elementary bodies (EBs) and reticulate bodies (RBs). EBs are nondividing small electron-dense forms that infect host cells. RBs are larger noninfectious replicative forms that develop within a membrane-bound vesicle, termed an inclusion. Given the unique properties of each developmental form of this bacterium, we hypothesized that the Clp protease system plays an integral role in proteomic turnover by degrading specific proteins from one developmental form or the other.Chlamydiaspp. have five uncharacterizedclpgenes,clpX,clpC, twoclpPparalogs, andclpB. In other bacteria, ClpC and ClpX are ATPases that unfold and feed proteins into the ClpP protease to be degraded, and ClpB is a deaggregase. Here, we focused on characterizing the ClpP paralogs. Transcriptional analyses and immunoblotting determined that these genes are expressed midcycle. Bioinformatic analyses of these proteins identified key residues important for activity. Overexpression of inactiveclpPmutants inChlamydiaspp. suggested independent function of each ClpP paralog. To further probe these differences, we determined interactions between the ClpP proteins using bacterial two-hybrid assays and native gel analysis of recombinant proteins. Homotypic interactions of the ClpP proteins, but not heterotypic interactions between the ClpP paralogs, were detected. Interestingly, protease activity of ClpP2, but not ClpP1, was detectedin vitro. This activity was stimulated by antibiotics known to activate ClpP, which also blocked chlamydial growth. Our data suggest the chlamydial ClpP paralogs likely serve distinct and critical roles in this important pathogen.IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatisis the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness and of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Chlamydiae are developmentally regulated obligate intracellular pathogens that alternate between two functional and morphologic forms, with distinct repertoires of proteins. We hypothesize that protein degradation is a critical aspect to the developmental cycle. A key system involved in protein turnover in bacteria is the Clp protease system. Here, we characterized the two chlamydial ClpP paralogs by examining their expression inChlamydiaspp., their ability to oligomerize, and their proteolytic activity. This work will help understand the evolutionarily diverse Clp proteases in the context of intracellular organisms, which may aid in the study of other clinically relevant intracellular bacteria.

scholarly journals Clonal Lineages of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Responsible for Acute Swine Erysipelas in Japan Identified by Using Genome-Wide Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohsuke Ogawa ◽  
Kazumasa Shiraiwa ◽  
Yoshitoshi Ogura ◽  
Tadasuke Ooka ◽  
Sayaka Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Swine Erysipelas ◽  
Lineage Iv

ABSTRACTErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaecauses swine erysipelas, an important infectious disease in the swine industry. In Japan, the incidence of acute swine erysipelas due toE. rhusiopathiaeserovar 1a has recently increased markedly. To study the genetic relatedness of the strains from the recent cases, we analyzed 34E. rhusiopathiaeserovar 1a swine isolates collected between 1990 and 2011 and further investigated the possible association of the live Koganei 65-0.15 vaccine strain (serovar 1a) with the increase in cases. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed no marked variation among the isolates; however, sequencing analysis of a hypervariable region in the surface-protective antigen A gene (spaA) revealed that the strains isolated after 2007 exhibited the samespaAgenotype and could be differentiated from older strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that the Japanese strains examined were closely related, showing a relatively small number of SNPs among them. The strains were classified into four major lineages, with Koganei 65-0.15 (lineage III) being phylogenetically separated from the other three lineages. The strains isolated after 2007 and the two older strains constituted one major lineage (lineage IV) with a specificspaAgenotype (M203/I257-SpaA), while the recent isolates were further divided into two geographic groups. The remaining older isolates belonged to either lineage I, with the I203/L257-SpaA type, or lineage II, with the I203/I257-SpaA type. These results indicate that the recent increased incidence of acute swine erysipelas in Japan is associated with two sublineages of lineage IV, which have independently evolved in two different geographic regions.IMPORTANCEUsing large-scale whole-genome sequence data fromErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeisolates from a wide range of hosts and geographic origins, a recent study clarified the existence of three distinct clades (clades 1, 2, and 3) that are found across multiple continents and host species, representing both livestock and wildlife, and an “intermediate” clade between clade 2 and the dominant clade 3 within the species. In this study, we found that theE. rhusiopathiaeJapanese strains examined exhibited remarkably low levels of genetic diversity and confirmed that all of the Japanese and Chinese swine isolates examined in this study belong to clonal lineages within the intermediate clade. We report thatspaAgenotyping ofE. rhusiopathiaestrains is a practical alternative to whole-genome sequencing analysis of theE. rhusiopathiaeisolates from eastern Asian countries.

Methanobacterium lacus sp. nov., isolated from the profundal sediment of a freshwater meromictic lake

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 1625-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Borrel ◽  
Keith Joblin ◽  
Annie Guedon ◽  
Jonathan Colombet ◽  
Vincent Tardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Meromictic Lake ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Lake Pavin

An autotrophic, hydrogenotrophic methanogen, designated strain 17A1T, was isolated from the profundal sediment of the meromictic Lake Pavin, France. The cells of the novel strain, which were non-motile, Gram-staining-negative rods that measured 2–15 µm in length and 0.2–0.4 µm in width, grew as filaments. Strain 17A1T grew in a mineral medium and its growth was stimulated by the addition of yeast extract, vitamins, acetate or rumen fluid. Penicillin, vancomycin and kanamycin reduced growth but did not completely inhibit it. Growth occurred at 14–41 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 5.0–8.5 (optimum pH 6.5) and with 0–0.4 M NaCl (optimum 0.1 M). The novel strain utilized H2/CO2 and methanol/H2 as substrates but not formate, acetate, methylamine/H2, isobutanol or 2-propanol. Its genomic DNA G+C content was 37.0 mol%. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain 17A1T appeared to be a member of the genus Methanobacterium , with Methanobacterium beijingense 8-2T (96.3 % sequence similarity) identified as the most closely related established species. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain 17A1T represents a novel species of methanogen within the genus Methanobacterium , for which the name Methanobacterium lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17A1T ( = DSM 24406T = JCM 17760T).

scholarly journals Citroniella saccharovorans gen. nov. sp. nov., a member of the family Peptoniphilaceae isolated from a human fecal sample from a coastal traditional community member

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1142-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha B. Patel ◽  
Alexandra J. Obregón-Tito ◽  
Raul Y. Tito ◽  
Omar Trujillo-Villaroel ◽  
Luis Marin-Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Sample ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Novel Bacterium ◽  
The Family ◽  
Diamino Acid ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped obligately anaerobic bacterium was recovered from a fecal sample obtained from an individual from a traditional community located on the southern coast of Peru. The results of analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated the novel bacterium to be phylogenetically distinct from other genera of members of the Peptoniphilaceae family, sharing a loose affinity with the genera Ezakiella , Finegoldia , Gallicola and Parvimonas . The major cellular fatty acids of the novel isolate were determined to be C16:0, C17:1ω8c, and C18:1ω9c. The DNA G+C content was 29.9 mol%. End products of metabolism from peptone yeast glucose broth (PYG) were determined to be acetate and methyl succinate. The diagnostic diamino acid present in the cell wall was lysine. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results the organism is a member of a novel genus belonging to the family Peptoniphilaceae for which the name Citroniella saccharovorans gen nov. sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is M6.X9T (DSM 29873T=CCUG 66799T).

scholarly journals Nine novel psychrotolerant species of the genus Pedobacter isolated from Arctic soil with potential antioxidant activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2537-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Hari Dahal ◽  
Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Dong-Uk Kim ◽  
Jaisoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Type Strain ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Major Polar Lipid ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Arctic Soil ◽  
Type Strains

Fifteen isolates of the genus Pedobacter were obtained from Arctic soil samples. All isolates were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped. Cells were strictly aerobic, psychrotolerant and grew optimally at 15–20 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all the isolated strains formed a lineage within the family Sphingobacteriaceae and clustered as members of the genus Pedobacter . The sole respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 02-OH/C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of the novel strains was 33.9–41.8 mol%. In addition, the average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness values between the novel type strains and phylogenetically related type strains were below the threshold values used for species delineation. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, the isolated strains represent novel species in the genus Pedobacter , for which the names Pedobacter cryotolerans sp. nov. (type strain AR-2-6T=KEMB 9005-717T=KACC 19998T=NBRC 113826T), Pedobacter cryophilus sp. nov. (type strain AR-3-17T=KEMB 9005-718T=KACC 19999T=NBRC 113827T), Pedobacter frigiditerrae sp. nov. (type strain RP-1-13T=KEMB 9005-720T=KACC 21147T=NBRC 113829T), Pedobacter psychroterrae sp. nov. (type strain RP-1-14T=KEMB 9005-721T=KACC 21148T=NBRC 113830T), Pedobacter hiemivivus sp. nov. (type strain RP-3-8T=KEMB 9005-724T=KACC 21152T=NBRC 113833T), Pedobacter frigidisoli sp. nov. (type strain RP-3-11T=KEMB 9005-725T=KACC 21153T=NBRC 113927T), Pedobacter frigoris sp. nov. (type strain RP-3-15T=KEMB 9005-726T=KACC 21154T=NBRC 113834T), Pedobacter psychrodurus sp. nov. (type strain RP-3-21T=KEMB 9005-728T=KACC 21156T=NBRC 113835T) and Pedobacter polaris sp. nov. (type strain RP-3-22T=KEMB 9005-729T=KACC 21157T=NBRC 113836T) are proposed.

scholarly journals Isolation of Bacteria Capable of Growth with 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin as the Sole Carbon and Energy Sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lior Guttman ◽  
Jaap van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enrichment Technique ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Positive Genus

ABSTRACTUsing a relatively simple enrichment technique, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)-biodegrading bacteria were isolated from a digestion basin in an aquaculture unit. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated one of the three isolates with the Gram-positive genusRhodococcus, while the other two isolates were found to be closely related to the Gram-negative familyComamonadaceae(VariovoraxandComamonas). Growth rates and geosmin and MIB removal rates by the isolates were determined under aerated and nonaerated conditions in mineral medium containing either of the two compounds as the sole carbon and energy source. All isolates exhibited their fastest growth under aerobic conditions, with generation times ranging from 3.1 to 5.7 h, compared to generation times of up to 19.1 h in the nonaerated flasks. Incubation of the isolates with additional carbon sources caused a significant increase in their growth rates, while removal rates of geosmin and MIB were significantly lower than those for incubation with only geosmin or MIB. By fluorescencein situhybridization, members of the generaRhodococcusandComamonaswere detected in geosmin- and MIB-enriched sludge from the digestion basin.

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