scholarly journals Role of Migratory Birds in Introduction and Range Expansion of Ixodes scapularis Ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 3919-3919 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Ogden ◽  
R. L. Lindsay ◽  
K. Hanincova ◽  
I. K. Barker ◽  
M. Bigras-Poulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis

scholarly journals Role of Migratory Birds in Introduction and Range Expansion of Ixodes scapularis Ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1780-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Ogden ◽  
L. R. Lindsay ◽  
K. Hanincová ◽  
I. K. Barker ◽  
M. Bigras-Poulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT During the spring in 2005 and 2006, 39,095 northward-migrating land birds were captured at 12 bird observatories in eastern Canada to investigate the role of migratory birds in northward range expansion of Lyme borreliosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and their tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. The prevalence of birds carrying I. scapularis ticks (mostly nymphs) was 0.35% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30 to 0.42), but a nested study by experienced observers suggested a more realistic infestation prevalence of 2.2% (95% CI = 1.18 to 3.73). The mean infestation intensity was 1.66 per bird. Overall, 15.4% of I. scapularis nymphs (95% CI = 10.7 to 20.9) were PCR positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, but only 8% (95% CI = 3.8 to 15.1) were positive when excluding nymphs collected at Long Point, Ontario, where B. burgdorferi is endemic. A wide range of ospC and rrs-rrl intergenic spacer alleles of B. burgdorferi were identified in infected ticks, including those associated with disseminated Lyme disease and alleles that are rare in the northeastern United States. Overall, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.03 to 0.41) of I. scapularis nymphs were PCR positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We estimate that migratory birds disperse 50 million to 175 million I. scapularis ticks across Canada each spring, implicating migratory birds as possibly significant in I. scapularis range expansion in Canada. However, infrequent larvae and the low infection prevalence in ticks carried by the birds raise questions as to how B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum become endemic in any tick populations established by bird-transported ticks.

scholarly journals Range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi by migratory birds

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3147-3167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Heffernan ◽  
◽  
Yijun Lou ◽  
Jianhong Wu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis

scholarly journals Genetic melting pot in blacklegged ticks at the northern edge of their expansion front

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Talbot ◽  
Patrick A Leighton ◽  
Manisha A Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Northern Edge

Abstract Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) are considered to be the main vector of Lyme disease in eastern North America. They may parasitize a wide range of bird and mammal hosts. Northward dispersal of blacklegged ticks has been attributed largely to movement of hosts to areas outside of the current range of the tick, in conjunction with climate change. To better understand the drivers of range expansion in the blacklegged tick, we need investigations of the genetic connectivity and differentiation of tick populations at a fine spatial scale using appropriate markers. In this study, we investigated genetic connectivity and differentiation in blacklegged ticks, in an area of putatively recent advance in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, using microsatellite markers. Our findings suggest patchy differentiation of alleles, no spatial pattern of genetic structure, and genetic subdivision within sites, which are consistent with the very limited evidence available near the leading edge of range expansion of blacklegged ticks into Canada. These findings are consistent with the prevailing hypothesis, drawn from a variety of fields of study, suggesting that migratory birds from a variety of regions may be bringing hitchhiking ticks northward into Canada.

scholarly journals Analysis of the HD-GYP Domain Cyclic Dimeric GMP Phosphodiesterase Reveals a Role in Motility and the Enzootic Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 3273-3283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Z. Sultan ◽  
Joshua E. Pitzer ◽  
Tristan Boquoi ◽  
Gerry Hobbs ◽  
Michael R. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Motility Regulation ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Single Set

ABSTRACTHD-GYP domain cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterases are implicated in motility and virulence in bacteria.Borrelia burgdorferipossesses a single set of c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes, including a putative HD-GYP domain protein, BB0374. Recently, we characterized the EAL domain phosphodiesterase PdeA. A mutation inpdeAresulted in cells that were defective in motility and virulence. Here we demonstrate that BB0374/PdeB specifically hydrolyzed c-di-GMP with aKmof 2.9 nM, confirming that it is a functional phosphodiesterase. Furthermore, by measuring phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in extracts from cells containing thepdeA pdeBdouble mutant, we demonstrate that no additional phosphodiesterases are present inB. burgdorferi.pdeBsingle mutant cells exhibit significantly increased flexing, indicating a role for c-di-GMP in motility. Constructing and analyzing apilZpdeBdouble mutant suggests that PilZ likely interacts with chemotaxis signaling. While virulence in needle-inoculated C3H/HeN mice did not appear to be altered significantly inpdeBmutant cells, these cells exhibited a reduced ability to survive inIxodes scapularisticks. Consequently, those ticks were unable to transmit the infection to naïve mice. All of these phenotypes were restored when the mutant was complemented. Identification of this role ofpdeBincreases our understanding of the c-di-GMP signaling network in motility regulation and the life cycle ofB. burgdorferi.

scholarly journals Prevention of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by Ixodes spp. ticks to dogs treated with the Seresto® collar (imidacloprid 10% + flumethrin 4.5%)

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Krämer ◽  
Ricarda Hüsken ◽  
Eva Maria Krüdewagen ◽  
Katrin Deuster ◽  
Byron Blagburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Acaricidal Efficacy ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Tick Counts

AbstractThe capability of imidacloprid 10% + flumethrin 4.5% (Seresto®) collars to prevent transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap) by naturally infected ticks was evaluated in two studies with 44 dogs. In each study, one group served as non-treated control, whereas the other groups were treated with the Seresto® collar. All dogs were exposed to naturally Bbsl- and Ap-infected hard ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis). In study 1, tick infestation was performed on study day (SD) 63 (2 months post-treatment [p.t.]); in study 2, it was performed on SD 32 (one month p.t.) respectively SD 219 (seven months p.t.). In situ tick counts were performed 2 days after infestation. Tick counts and removals followed 6 (study 1) or 5 days (study 2) later. Blood sampling was performed for the detection of specific Bbsl and Ap antibodies and, in study 1, for the documentation of Ap DNA by PCR. Skin biopsies were examined for Bbsl by PCR and culture (only study 1). The efficacy against Ixodes spp. was 100% at all time points. In study 1, two of six non-treated dogs became infected with Bbsl, and four of six tested positive for Ap; none of the treated dogs tested positive for Bbsl or Ap. In study 2, ten of ten non-treated dogs became infected with Bbsl and Ap; none of the treated dogs tested positive for Bbsl or Ap; 100% acaricidal efficacy was shown in both studies. Transmission of Bbsl and Ap was successfully blocked for up to 7 months.

scholarly journals The redox metabolic pathways function to limit Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and multiplication while preserving fitness in tick vector cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Alberdi ◽  
Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz ◽  
Pedro Espinosa Prados ◽  
Margarita Villar Rayo ◽  
Sara Artigas-Jerónimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Pathogen Infection

Abstract Aerobic organisms evolved conserved mechanisms controlling the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain redox homeostasis signaling and modulate signal transduction, gene expression and cellular functional responses under physiological conditions. The production of ROS by mitochondria is essential in the oxidative stress associated with different pathologies and in response to pathogen infection. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular pathogen transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks and causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Bacteria multiply in vertebrate neutrophils and infect first tick midgut cells and subsequently hemocytes and salivary glands from where transmission occurs. Previous results demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum does not induce the production of ROS as part of its survival strategy in human neutrophils. However, little is known about the role of ROS during pathogen infection in ticks. In this study, the role of tick oxidative stress during A. phagocytophilum infection was characterized through the function of different pathways involved in ROS production. The results showed that tick cells increase mitochondrial ROS production to limit A. phagocytophilum infection, while pathogen inhibits alternative ROS production pathways and apoptosis to preserve cell fitness and facilitate infection. The inhibition of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production by pathogen infection appears to occur in both neutrophils and tick cells, thus supporting that A. phagocytophilum uses common mechanisms for infection of ticks and vertebrate hosts. However, differences in ROS response to A. phagocytophilum infection between human and tick cells may reflect host-specific cell tropism that evolved during pathogen life cycle.

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