scholarly journals Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (16) ◽  
pp. 5049-5056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Venegas-Vargas ◽  
Scott Henderson ◽  
Akanksha Khare ◽  
Rebekah E. Mosci ◽  
Jonathan D. Lehnert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Shedding Frequency

ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds (n =718 animals) and five beef herds (n =378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were <30 days in milk (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.2). These data suggest that the stress or the negative energy balance associated with lactation may result in increased STEC shedding frequencies in Michigan during the warm summer months. Future prevention strategies aimed at reducing stress during lactation or isolating high-risk animals could be implemented to reduce herd-level shedding levels and avoid transmission of STEC to susceptible animals and people.IMPORTANCESTEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.

Physiological and genetic differences between low and high index dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lucy ◽  
B. A. Crooker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
High Index ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Days Open

AbstractSelection of dairy cattle for increased milk production has decreased some indices of reproductive efficiency. For example, days open are increased by one day for every 100 kg of increased milk yield per lactation. Some of the change in days open can be explained by delayed onset of oestrous cyclicity and lower conception rate to artificial insemination in cows with greater milk production. Despite these negative associations between milk production and reproduction, reproduction in herds of high producing dairy cattle is not necessarily compromised relative to reproduction in herds of low producing dairy cattle. This is because there is a large environmental effect on dairy reproduction. High producing herds generally have better management and better oestrous detection. Therefore, high producing dairy herds may partially overcome the antagonistic relationship between milk production and reproduction. Physiological mechanisms that lead to poorer reproduction in high producing cows are partially defined. Negative energy balance that occurs in high producing dairy cows can be associated with a delay in the initiation of ovarian cycles and the interval to first breeding. Many of the effects of negative energy balance on postpartum reproduction can be explained by decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) that is associated with negative energy balance. Serum LH increases as cows move toward positive energy balance and greater LH stimulates growth and ovulation of ovarian follicles. We have initiated studies to address physiological differences in high and low index dairy cows. The reproductive endocrinology of cows from a control line (5,900 kg milk/lactation) and a select line (10,900 kg milk/lactation) of dairy cows at the University of Minnesota was studied over a two-year period. Cows in Year 1 were similar for serum concentrations of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and oestradiol (preovulatory period). In both years, serum concentrations of progesterone during luteal phases, however, were decreased in select cows. The Year 2 cows also had a delay in the return to oestrous cyclicity that was associated with reduced LH. The possibility that decreased progesterone causes infertility in dairy cows will require further study. Collectively, these data suggest that changes in blood progesterone concentrations may explain, partially, lower fertility in high index dairy cows.

scholarly journals Alterations in hepatic miRNA expression during negative energy balance in postpartum dairy cattle

BMC Genomics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attia Fatima ◽  
Sinead Waters ◽  
Padraig O’Boyle ◽  
Cathal Seoighe ◽  
Dermot G Morris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with excessive negative energy balance in commercial United Kingdom dairy herds

2019 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Macrae ◽  
E. Burrough ◽  
J. Forrest ◽  
A. Corbishley ◽  
G. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Factors Associated

scholarly journals Insulin restores GH responsiveness during lactation-induced negative energy balance in dairy cattle: effects on expression of IGF-I and GH receptor 1A

2003 ◽  
Vol 176 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
ST Butler ◽  
AL Marr ◽  
SH Pelton ◽  
RP Radcliff ◽  
MC Lucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hepatic Expression ◽  
Gh Receptor ◽  
Igf I

Early lactation in dairy cattle is a period of severe negative energy balance (NEB) characterized by reduced blood glucose and insulin concentrations and elevated blood GH concentrations. The liver is refractory to GH during NEB and this uncoupling of the GH-IGF axis results in diminished plasma concentrations of IGF-I. Our objectives were to examine the effects of insulin administration during the immediate postpartum period on plasma IGF-I and GH concentrations and to examine the hepatic expression of total GH receptors (all GH receptor transcripts), GH receptor 1A (GHR 1A) and IGF-I. In addition, we examined adipose tissue for total GH receptor and IGF-I mRNA levels to establish the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on an insulin-responsive peripheral tissue. Holstein cows (n=14) were subjected to either a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin; INS) or saline infusion (control; CTL) for 96 h starting on day 10 postpartum. Insulin was infused i.v. (1 micro g/kg body weight per h), blood samples were collected hourly, and euglycemia was maintained by infusion of glucose. Insulin concentrations during the infusions were increased 8-fold in INS compared with CTL cows (2.33+/-0.14 vs 0.27+/-0.14 ng/ml (S.E.M.); P<0.001) while blood glucose concentrations were not different between treatments (45.3+/-2.2 vs 42.5+/-2.2 mg/dl; P>0.1). Plasma IGF-I increased continuously during the insulin infusion, and reached the highest concentrations at the end of the clamp, being almost 4-fold higher in INS compared with CTL cows (117+/-4 vs 30+/-4 ng/ml; P<0.001). Hepatic expression of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA was low in CTL cows, but was increased 3.6-fold (P<0.05) and 6.3-fold (P<0.001) respectively in INS cows. By contrast, in adipose tissue the changes in gene expression in response to insulin were reversed with decreases in both total GHR and IGF-I mRNA. The expressions of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA in liver tissue were correlated in INS (r=0.86; P<0.05), but not CTL cows (r=0.43; P>0.1). Insulin appears to be a key metabolic signal in coupling the GH-IGF axis, thus orchestrating a marked elevation in circulating IGF-I concentrations.

Cattle Review

Livestock ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-238
Author(s):  
David C Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance

Introduction: This edition of Cattle Review considers risk factors for negative energy balance in dairy cows, carriage of Pasteurellaceae in the airways of young beef cattle and the quantification of antibiotic use in Germen livestock.

scholarly journals Effects on Negative Energy Balance of Tannin in Dairy Cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Sezgin ŞENTÜRK ◽  
Hüseyin Cihan ◽  
Sevim Kasap ◽  
Zafer Mecitoğlu ◽  
Mutlu Temizel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance
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