scholarly journals Oral rimantadine hydrochloride therapy of influenza A virus H3N2 subtype infection in adults.

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
F G Hayden ◽  
A S Monto
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H3n2 Subtype ◽  
Rimantadine Hydrochloride

Sequence analysis of reassortants within H3N2 subtype influenza A virus circulated in Hong Kong, 2014–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 101510
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Jiasheng Xiong ◽  
Li Peng ◽  
Pengfei Yang ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H3n2 Subtype

scholarly journals Three strains of influenza A virus (H3N2): interferon sensitivity in vitro and interferon production in volunteers

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-226
Author(s):  
D D Richman ◽  
B R Murphy ◽  
S Baron ◽  
C Uhlendorf
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
H3n2 Subtype

Three antigenic variants of the H3N2 subtype of wild-type influenza A virus (representing the years 1968, 1972, and 1974) were examined for their sensitivity to interferon and for their ability to induce local respiratory tract interferon in volunteers. In addition, the time of appearance of symptoms in infected volunteers was correlated with the patterns of virus shedding and interferon production. The sensitivity to interferon and the ability to stimulate nasopharyngeal interferon were similarly high for all three strains. Symptomatic illness, peak virus shedding, and peak interferon response all occurred within a 26-h period. These findings imply that interferon or its inducers theoretically could be protective if applied prophylactically, but would be less efficacious when used therapeutically.

scholarly journals Human Properdin Released By Infiltrating Neutrophils Can Modulate Influenza A Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen M. Varghese ◽  
Shuvechha Mukherjee ◽  
Futwan A. Al-Mohanna ◽  
Souad M. Saleh ◽  
Fahad N. Almajhdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
H1n1 Subtype ◽  
H3n2 Subtype ◽  
Influenza A Virus Infection

The complement system is designed to recognise and eliminate invading pathogens via activation of classical, alternative and lectin pathways. Human properdin stabilises the alternative pathway C3 convertase, resulting in an amplification loop that leads to the formation of C5 convertase, thereby acting as a positive regulator of the alternative pathway. It has been noted that human properdin on its own can operate as a pattern recognition receptor and exert immune functions outside its involvement in complement activation. Properdin can bind directly to microbial targets via DNA, sulfatides and glycosaminoglycans, apoptotic cells, nanoparticles, and well-known viral virulence factors. This study was aimed at investigating the complement-independent role of properdin against Influenza A virus infection. As one of the first immune cells to arrive at the site of IAV infection, we show here that IAV challenged neutrophils released properdin in a time-dependent manner. Properdin was found to directly interact with haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix 1 protein Influenza A virus proteins in ELISA and western blot. Furthermore, modelling studies revealed that properdin could bind HA and NA of the H1N1 subtype with higher affinity compared to that of H3N2 due to the presence of an HA cleavage site in H1N1. In an infection assay using A549 cells, properdin suppressed viral replication in pH1N1 subtype while promoting replication of H3N2 subtype, as revealed by qPCR analysis of M1 transcripts. Properdin treatment triggered an anti-inflammatory response in H1N1-challenged A549 cells and a pro-inflammatory response in H3N2-infected cells, as evident from differential mRNA expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12 and RANTES. Properdin treatment also reduced luciferase reporter activity in MDCK cells transduced with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles; however, it was increased in the case of pseudotyped H3N2 particles. Collectively, we conclude that infiltrating neutrophils at the site of IAV infection can release properdin, which then acts as an entry inhibitor for pandemic H1N1 subtype while suppressing viral replication and inducing an anti-inflammatory response. H3N2 subtype can escape this immune restriction due to altered haemagglutinin and neuraminindase, leading to enhanced viral entry, replication and pro-inflammatory response. Thus, depending on the subtype, properdin can either limit or aggravate IAV infection in the host.

Antiviral effect of polyphenol-enriched extract of Rumex Acetosa L. against Influenza A virus

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Derksen ◽  
W Hafezi ◽  
A Hensel ◽  
J Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Rumex Acetosa
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