scholarly journals Comparative Surveillance Study of Telavancin Activity against Recently Collected Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates from across the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 2383-2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah C. Draghi ◽  
Bret M. Benton ◽  
Kevin M. Krause ◽  
Clyde Thornsberry ◽  
Chris Pillar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT Telavancin is an investigational, rapidly bactericidal lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that is being developed to treat serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. A baseline prospective surveillance study was conducted to assess telavancin activity, in comparison with other agents, against contemporary clinical isolates collected from 2004 to 2005 from across the United States. Nearly 4,000 isolates were collected, including staphylococci, enterococci, and streptococci (pneumococci, beta-hemolytic, and viridans). Telavancin had potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MIC range, 0.03 to 1.0 μg/ml), independent of resistance to methicillin or to multiple agents. Telavancin activity was particularly potent against all streptococcal groups (MIC90s, 0.03 to 0.12 μg/ml). Telavancin had excellent activity against vancomycin-susceptible enterococci (MIC90, 1 μg/ml) and was active against VanB strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (MIC90, 2 μg/ml) but less active against VanA strains (MIC90, 8 to 16 μg/ml). Telavancin also demonstrated activity against vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains (MICs, 0.5 μg/ml to 1.0 μg/ml and 1.0 μg/ml to 4.0 μg/ml, respectively). These data may support the efficacy of telavancin for treatment of serious infections with a wide range of gram-positive organisms.

scholarly journals Ceftobiprole Activity against Bacteria from Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the United States from 2016 through 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Flamm ◽  
Leonard R. Duncan ◽  
Kamal A. Hamed ◽  
Jennifer I. Smart ◽  
Rodrigo E. Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Skin Structure ◽  
Highly Active

ABSTRACT Ceftobiprole medocaril is an advanced-generation cephalosporin prodrug that has qualified infectious disease product status granted by the US FDA and is currently being evaluated in phase 3 clinical trials in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) and in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. In this study, the activity of ceftobiprole and comparators was evaluated against more than 7,300 clinical isolates collected in the United States from 2016 through 2018 from patients with skin and skin structure infections. The major species/pathogen groups were S. aureus (53%), Enterobacterales (23%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%), beta-hemolytic streptococci (6%), Enterococcus spp. (4%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (2%). Ceftobiprole was highly active against S. aureus (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/liter; 99.7% susceptible by EUCAST criteria; 42% methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]). Ceftobiprole also exhibited potent activity against other Gram-positive cocci. The overall susceptibility of Enterobacterales to ceftobiprole was 84.8% (>99.0% susceptible for isolate subsets that exhibited a non-extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] phenotype). A total of 74.4% of P. aeruginosa, 100% of beta-hemolytic streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 99.6% of Enterococcus faecalis isolates were inhibited by ceftobiprole at ≤4 mg/liter. As expected, ceftobiprole was largely inactive against Enterobacterales that contained ESBL genes and Enterococcus faecium. Overall, ceftobiprole was highly active against most clinical isolates from the major Gram-positive and Gram-negative skin and skin structure pathogen groups collected at U.S. medical centers participating in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program during 2016 to 2018. The broad-spectrum activity of ceftobiprole, including potent activity against MRSA, supports its further evaluation for a potential ABSSSI indication.

scholarly journals Glycopeptide Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sujatha ◽  
Ira Praharaj
Keyword(s):  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Glycopeptide Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogens ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens in the past two decades all over the world and have seriously limited the choices available to clinicians for treating infections caused by these agents. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, perhaps the most notorious among the nosocomial pathogens, was till recently susceptible to vancomycin and the other glycopeptides. Emergence of vancomycin nonsusceptible strains ofS. aureushas led to a worrisome scenario where the options available for treating serious infections due to these organisms are very limited and not well evaluated. Vancomycin resistance in clinically significant isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci is also on the rise in many setups. This paper aims to highlight the genetic basis of vancomycin resistance inEnterococcusspecies andS. aureus. It also focuses on important considerations in detection of vancomycin resistance in these gram-positive bacteria. The problem of glycopeptide resistance in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci and the phenomenon of vancomycin tolerance seen in some strains ofStreptococcus pneumoniaehas also been discussed. Finally, therapeutic options available and being developed against these pathogens have also found a mention.

scholarly journals Ceftobiprole Activity against Gram-Positive and -Negative Pathogens Collected from the United States in 2006 and 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pfaller ◽  
Robert K. Flamm ◽  
Rodrigo E. Mendes ◽  
Jennifer M. Streit ◽  
Jennifer I. Smart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Serious Infections

ABSTRACT Ceftobiprole is an advanced cephalosporin with potent activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that has been approved in many European and non-European countries to treat community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia (excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia). This study reports on the activity of ceftobiprole against a large set of clinical isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in the United States in 2016 that caused serious infections, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and skin and skin structure infections. To assess any potential temporal changes in ceftobiprole activity, the 2016 results were compared to corresponding MIC data from a 2006 U.S. survey that included key target pathogens. Ceftobiprole exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, which were 99.3% susceptible), coagulase-negative staphylococci (100% susceptible), Enterococcus faecalis (100% susceptible), Streptococcus pneumoniae (99.7% susceptible), and other tested streptococci. Similarly, ceftobiprole was highly active against Enterobacteriaceae isolates that did not exhibit an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype, including Escherichia coli (99.8% susceptible) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (99.6% susceptible). A total of 99.6% of all Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates were inhibited at ≤1 mg/liter ceftobiprole, and 72.7% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to ceftobiprole. With the exception of decreased cephalosporin susceptibility among Enterobacteriaceae isolates, which correlates with an increased prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates, ceftobiprole had similar activities against the isolate sets collected in 2006 and 2016. Therefore, ceftobiprole remains highly active when tested in vitro against a large number of current Gram-positive or Gram-negative pathogens that cause serious infections.

Activity of Oritavancin Against Gram-positive Pathogens Causing Bloodstream Infections in the United States Over 10 Years: Focus on Drug-Resistant Enterococcal Subsets (2010-2019)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia G. Carvalhaes ◽  
Helio S. Sader ◽  
Jennifer M. Streit ◽  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
Rodrigo E. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Over Time

Oritavancin displayed potent and stable activity (MIC 90 range, 0.06-0.5 mg/L) over time (2010-2019) against Gram-positive pathogens causing bloodstream infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant subsets of Enterococcus spp. Daptomycin and linezolid were also active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus . Only oritavancin and linezolid remained active against Enterococcus faecium isolates displaying an elevated daptomycin MIC (i.e., 2-4 mg/L). Proportions of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus within the respective S. aureus and enterococcal populations decreased over this period.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity and Potency of the Novel Oxazolidinone Contezolid (MRX-I) Tested against Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates from the United States and Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia G. Carvalhaes ◽  
Leonard R. Duncan ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
Helio S. Sader
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
The Novel ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT Contezolid, a new oxazolidinone antibacterial agent currently in development for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections, was susceptibility tested against Gram-positive clinical isolates (n = 1,211). Contezolid demonstrated potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/liter), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MIC50/90, 0.25/0.5 mg/liter), Enterococcus spp. (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/liter), and streptococci (MIC50/90, 1/1 mg/liter). Moreover, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates were all inhibited by contezolid at ≤1 mg/liter. These results support the clinical development of contezolid.

Vancomycin in Pediatrics

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Mark D. Greenfield ◽  
Arnold L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pseudomembranous Colitis ◽  
Glycopeptide Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anephric Patients

Vancomycin, a complex glycopeptide antibiotic, has achieved somewhat limited use since its introduction in 1956. It has excellent antibacterial activity against a variety of Gram-positive organisms, including those resistant to semisynthetic penicillins such as methicillin. Because of its higher potential for adverse side effects, such as thrombophlebitis and ototoxicity, it should be reserved for illnesses associated with methicillin-resistant staphylococci or in patients who have serious allergies to the penicillins. It has shown excellent effectiveness in a wide range of serious infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin should be administered intravenously, except in the case of staphylococcal or pseudomembranous colitis associated with C difficile in which oral administration is the appropriate route. In infections with enterococci, combination with an aminoglycoside is indicated as synergism occurs. It is excreted by the kidney; extra care must be taken in treating patients with renal failure. Dosing in anephric patients undergoing dialysis is greatly simplified by its prolonged half-life and is usually necessary only every seven to 14 days. Monitoring the serum concentration is desirable in all patients receiving vancomycin to ensure an efficacious, but nontoxic level.

scholarly journals Baseline Study To Determine In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin against Gram-Positive Pathogens Isolated in the United States in 2000-2001

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1689-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Renée S. Blosser-Middleton ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
Clyde Thornsberry ◽  
Daniel F. Sahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Positive Spectrum

ABSTRACT The activity of daptomycin was assessed by using 6,973 gram-positive bacteria isolated at 50 United States hospitals in 2000 and 2001. Among the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 1,163) collected, the rate of penicillin resistance was 16.1%; rates of oxacillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 1,018) and vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates (n = 368) were 30.0 and 59.5%, respectively. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes (isolates resistant to three or more different chemical classes of antimicrobial agents) accounted for 14.2% of S. pneumoniae isolates, 27.1% of S. aureus isolates, and 58.4% of E. faecium isolates. For all gram-positive species tested, MICs at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited (MIC90s) and MIC ranges for directed-spectrum agents (daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid) were identical or highly similar for isolates susceptible or resistant to other agents or MDR. Daptomycin had a MIC90 of 0.12 μg/ml for both penicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae. Against oxacillin-resistant S. aureus daptomycin had a MIC90 of 0.5 μg/ml, and it had a MIC90 of 4 μg/ml against both vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant E. faecium. The MIC90s for daptomycin and other directed-spectrum agents were unaffected by the regional or anatomical origin of isolates or patient demographic parameters (patient age, gender, and inpatient or outpatient care). Our results confirm the gram-positive spectrum of activity of daptomycin and that its activity is independent of susceptibility or resistance to commonly prescribed and tested antimicrobial agents. This study may serve as a baseline to monitor future changes in the susceptibility of gram-positive species to daptomycin following its introduction into clinical use.

scholarly journals 1000. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated From Patients Hospitalized With Bacteremia in United States and European Medical Centers: Results From the International Dalbavancin Evaluation of Activity (IDEA) Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S297-S297
Author(s):  
Helio S Sader ◽  
Robert K Flamm ◽  
Urania Rappo ◽  
Dmitri Debabov ◽  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Viridans Group Streptococci

Abstract Background Gram-positive bacteria (GP), mainly S. aureus (SA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and Enterococcus spp., represent major causes of bacteremia in hospitalized patients. We evaluated the activity of dalbavancin (DALBA) and comparator agents against contemporary GP from patients with bacteremia. Methods A total of 8,296 GP unique isolates were consecutively collected from 33 United States (n = 4,409) and 39 European (EUR; n = 3,887) medical centers in 2015–2017 and susceptibility tested by reference broth microdilution methods. Results The most common organisms were SA (48.3% in United States, 44.3% in EUR), CoNS (14.3% in United States, 15.6% in EUR), and E. faecalis (EF; 11.5% in United States, 13.1% in EUR). All SA isolates were susceptible (S) to DALBA (MIC50/90, 0.03/0.03 mg/L), linezolid (LZD; MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), vancomycin (VAN; MIC50/90, 1/1 mg/L), and teicoplanin (TEI; MIC50/90, ≤0.5/≤0.5 mg/L); >99.9% were S to daptomycin (DAPTO; MIC50/90, 0.25/0.5 mg/L). Based on MIC50, DALBA was 8-fold more active than DAPTO and 32-fold more active than VAN against SA, and DALBA activity was not adversely affected by oxacillin (OXA) resistance (R). Among CoNS, 99.9% of isolates were inhibited at a DALBA MIC of ≤0.25 mg/L (MIC50/90, 0.03/0.06 mg/L); S to DAPTO (MIC50/90, 0.5/0.5 mg/L), LZD (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/L), VAN (MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), and TEI (MIC50/90, 2/4 mg/L) were 99.9%, 97.6%, 100.0%, and 98.5%, respectively. Among EF, 97.7% were DALBA-S (96.4% in USA, 99.0% in EUR; MIC50/90, 0.03/0.06 mg/L), 97.5% were VAN-S (96.1% in United States, 99.0% in EUR; MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), and all isolates were S to ampicillin (MIC50/90, 1/1 mg/L), DAPTO (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/L) and LZD (MIC50/90,1/2 mg/L). Among E. faecium isolates (n = 656; 7.9% overall), 63.9% were inhibited at ≤0.25 mg/L of DALBA (33.4% in United States, 87.5% in EUR) and 61.6% were VAN-S (32.8% in United States, 84.0% in EUR). DALBA was highly active against β-hemolytic streptococci (BHS; n = 686 [8.3%]; MIC50/90, 0.015/0.03 mg/L) and viridans group streptococci (VGS; n = 432 [5.2%]; MIC50/90, 0.015/0.03 mg/L). Conclusion DALBA was very active against SA, CoNS, VAN-S enterococci, BHS, and VGS isolated from patients with bacteremia. Based on MIC50, DALBA was generally 8- to 32-fold more active than DAPTO and VAN against these organisms. Disclosures H. S. Sader, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. R. K. Flamm, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. U. Rappo, Allergan: Employee, Salary. D. Debabov, Allergan: Employee, Salary. M. Castanheira, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. R. E. Mendes, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support.

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