scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin in the Early Phase of Septic Shock: Does Standard Dosing Result in Therapeutic Plasma Concentrations?

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 7018-7026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Öbrink-Hansen ◽  
Rasmus Vestergaard Juul ◽  
Merete Storgaard ◽  
Marianne Kragh Thomsen ◽  
Tore Forsingdal Hardlei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Relative Standard Error ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Dosing Regimens

ABSTRACTAntibiotic dosing in septic shock patients poses a challenge for clinicians due to the pharmacokinetic (PK) variability seen in this patient population. Piperacillin-tazobactam is often used for empirical treatment, and initial appropriate dosing is crucial for reducing mortality. Accordingly, we determined the pharmacokinetic profile of piperacillin (4 g) every 8 h, during the third consecutive dosing interval, in 15 patients treated empirically for septic shock. We developed a population pharmacokinetic model to assess empirical dosing and to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration. Time above the MIC (T>MIC) predicted for each patient was evaluated against clinical breakpoint MIC forPseudomonas aeruginosa(16 mg/liter). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets evaluated were 50%fT>4×MIC and 100%fT>MIC. A population PK model was developed using NONMEM, and data were best described by a two-compartment model. Central and intercompartmental clearances were 3.6 liters/h (relative standard error [RSE], 15.7%) and 6.58 liters/h (RSE, 16.4%), respectively, and central and peripheral volumes were 7.3 liters (RSE, 11.8%) and 3.9 liters (RSE, 9.7%), respectively. Piperacillin plasma concentrations varied considerably between patients and were associated with levels of plasma creatinine. Patients with impaired renal function were more likely to achieve predefined PK/PD targets than were patients with preserved or augmented renal function. Simulations of alternative dosing regimens showed that frequent intermittent bolus dosing as well as dosing by extended and continuous infusion increases the probability of attaining therapeutic plasma concentrations. For septic shock patients with preserved or augmented renal function, dose increment or prolonged infusion of the drug needs to be considered. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02306928.)

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Tedizolid in Plasma and Sputum of Adults with Cystic Fibrosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
A young J. Park ◽  
Joshua Wang ◽  
Jordanna Jayne ◽  
Lynn Fukushima ◽  
Adupa P. Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Clearance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Complicated Skin

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, the prevalence of infections involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has increased significantly. Tedizolid (TZD) demonstrates excellent activity against MRSA and a favorable safety profile. The pharmacokinetics of several antibiotics have been shown to be altered in CF patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of tedizolid in this population. Eleven patients with CF were randomized to receive tedizolid phosphate at 200 mg orally or intravenously once daily for 3 doses with a minimum 2-day washout, followed by crossover to the remaining dosage form. Plasma and expectorated sputum were collected following the third dose of each dosage form for analysis. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization method, and the disposition of TZD was described by a two-compartment model. The sputum concentrations exceeded the unbound plasma concentrations with an estimated mean sputum-to-unbound plasma penetration ratio of 2.88 (coefficient of variation, 50.3%). The estimated population mean ± standard deviation of total clearance, central volume of distribution, and bioavailability were 9.72 ± 1.62 liters/h, 61.6 ± 6.94 liters, and 1.04 ± 0.232, respectively. The total clearance was higher in CF patients than in healthy volunteers; however, it was similar to published data for patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs). This study demonstrates that the oral bioavailability of tedizolid is excellent in patients with CF and that the plasma pharmacokinetics are similar to those reported for patients with cSSSIs.

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam and Dosing Evaluation in Critically Ill Patients with Normal or Augmented Renal Function

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1690
Author(s):  
Idoia Bilbao-Meseguer ◽  
Helena Barrasa ◽  
Eduardo Asín-Prieto ◽  
Ana Alarcia-Lacalle ◽  
Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Relative Standard

Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs). The objective of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of levetiracetam dosing in patients with normal or augmented renal clearance (ARC) admitted to the ICU by population modelling and simulation. A multicentre prospective study including twenty-seven critically ill patients with urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl) > 50 mL/min and treated with levetiracetam was developed. Levetiracetam plasma concentrations were best described by a two-compartment model. The parameter estimates and relative standard errors (%) were clearance (CL) 3.5 L/h (9%), central volume of distribution (V1) 20.7 L (18%), intercompartmental clearance 31.9 L/h (22%), and peripheral volume of distribution 33.5 L (13%). Interindividual variability estimates were, for the CL, 32.7% (21%) and, for V1, 56.1% (29%). The CrCl showed significant influence over CL. Simulations showed that the administration of at least 500 mg every 8 h or 1000 mg every 12 h are needed in patients with normal renal function. Higher doses (1500 or 2000 mg, every 8 h) are needed in patients with ARC. Critically ill patients with normal or ARC treated with levetiracetam could be at high risk of being underdosed.

scholarly journals Population pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin and dosing consideration for optimal treatment of adult patients with staphylococcal osteoarticular infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Giorgio Cojutti ◽  
Matteo Rinaldi ◽  
Eleonora Zamparini ◽  
Nicolò Rossi ◽  
Sara Tedeschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Prosthetic Joint Infections ◽  
Dosing Regimens

Background: Dalbavancin is gaining interest in the treatment of complex osteoarticular (OA) infections. Objective: To conduct a population pharmacokinetic analysis of dalbavancin in a prospective cohort of adult patients with Gram-positive OA infections and to identify optimal dosing regimens for long term-treatment. Methods: Non-linear mixed-effects modelling was performed with Monolix. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with six dalbavancin regimens (1500mg at day 1; 1000mg at day 1 plus 500mg at day 8; 1500mg at day1 and 8; 1500mg at day1 and 8 plus 500, 1000 or 1500mg at day 36) to assess the PTA of three pharmacodynamic target of fAUC24h/MIC against S. aureus (>27.1, 53.3 and 111.1). Cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was calculated against MIC distribution of both MRSA and MSSA as well. Desirable PTAs and CFRs were ≥90%. Results: Fifteen patients provided 120 plasma concentrations. Most (73.3%) had prosthetic joint infections. Clinical cure rate was 87%. A two-compartment model with linear elimination well described the data. No covariate was retained in the final model. Pharmacokinetic dalbavancin estimates were 0.106L/h for CL and 36.4L for Vss. The tested dosing regimens granted desirable CFRs against S. aureus at the most effective PK/PD target for a period ranging 3-to-9 weeks. Conclusion: Giving a two 1500mg dosing regimen of dalbavancin one week apart may ensure efficacy against both MSSA and MRSA up to 5 weeks in patients with OA infections. Clinical assessment at that time may allow for considering whether or not an additional dose should be administered for prolonging effective treatment.

scholarly journals A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Continuous Infusion of Cloxacillin during Staphylococcus aureus Bone and Joint Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Courjon ◽  
Margaux Garzaro ◽  
Pierre-Marie Roger ◽  
Raymond Ruimy ◽  
Thibaud Lavrut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Intermittent Infusion ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Joint Infections

ABSTRACT Intravenous administration of antibiotics is recommended during the early phase of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bone and joint infection (BJI). We sought to compare the plasma concentrations of cloxacillin administered alternately by continuous and intermittent infusion (CI and ItI) in patients with MSSA BJI. In this prospective crossover trial, patients were randomly assigned to receive either 3 days of CI (two 75-mg/kg 12-h cloxacillin infusions per day) and then 3 days of ItI (four 37.5-mg/kg 1-h cloxacillin infusions per day) or vice versa. The drug concentration measurement was performed on day 3 of each type of administration at 1, 6, and 11 h and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after the beginning of CI and ItI, respectively. We used the nonparametric algorithm NPAG to estimate population pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The final model was used to perform pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulations and calculate the probabilities of target attainment (PTA) for several ItI and CI dosing regimens. We considered two PK/PD targets of time spent above the MIC for free cloxacillin concentrations (fT>MIC): 50 and 100%. Eighty-four concentrations from 11 patients were analyzed. A two-compartment model adequately described the data. ItI with q6h regimens and short 1-h infusions of 2,000 or 3,000 mg were associated with low PTA, even for the low target (50% fT>MIC) while 3-h infusions and continuous infusions (6 to 12 g/day) were associated with a PTA of >90% for an MIC up to 0.5 mg/liter. These results support the use of prolonged or continuous infusion of cloxacillin in patients with BJI.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral Linezolid in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 3393-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Keel ◽  
Andre Schaeftlein ◽  
Charlotte Kloft ◽  
J. Samuel Pope ◽  
R. Frederic Knauft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Peripheral Compartment ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Dosing Regimens

ABSTRACTLinezolid is a treatment option for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Little is known, however, about its pharmacokinetics in this population. Eight adults with CF were randomized to receive intravenous (i.v.) and oral linezolid at 600 mg twice daily for 9 doses in a crossover design with a 9-day washout. Plasma samples were collected after the first and ninth doses of each phase. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling using a previously described 2-compartment model with time-dependent clearance inhibition. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to assess the activities of the linezolid dosing regimens against 42 contemporary MRSA isolates recovered from CF patients. The following pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were observed for the population: absorption rate constant, 1.91 h−1; clearance, 9.54 liters/h; volume of central compartment, 26.8 liters; volume of peripheral compartment, 17.3 liters; and intercompartmental clearance, 104 liters/h. Linezolid demonstrated nonlinear clearance after 9 doses, which was reduced by a mean of 38.9% (range, 28.8 to 59.9%). Mean bioavailability was 85% (range, 47 to 131%). At steady state, 600 mg given twice daily produced 93.0% and 87.2% probabilities of obtaining the target pharmacodynamic exposure against the MRSA isolates for the i.v. and oral formulations, respectively. Thrice-daily dosing increased the probabilities to 97.0% and 95.6%, respectively. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in these adults with CF were well described by a 2-compartment model with time-dependent clearance inhibition. Standard i.v. and oral dosing regimens should be sufficient to reliably attain pharmacodynamic targets against most MRSA isolates; however, more frequent dosing may be required for isolates with MICs of ≥2 μg/ml.

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Fluconazole in Young Infants

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 4043-4049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Wade ◽  
D. Wu ◽  
D. A. Kaufman ◽  
R. M. Ward ◽  
D. K. Benjamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Relative Standard Error ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Population Pk ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Fluconazole is being increasingly used to prevent and treat invasive candidiasis in neonates, yet dosing is largely empirical due to the lack of adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) data. We performed a multicenter population PK study of fluconazole in 23- to 40-week-gestation infants less than 120 days of age. We developed a population PK model using nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) with the NONMEM algorithm. Covariate effects were predefined and evaluated based on estimation precision and clinical significance. We studied fluconazole PK in 55 infants who at enrollment had a median (range) weight of 1.02 (0.440 to 7.125) kg, a gestational age at birth (BGA) of 26 (23 to 40) weeks, and a postnatal age (PNA) of 2.3 (0.14 to 12.6) weeks. The final data set contained 357 samples; 217/357 (61%) were collected prospectively at prespecified time intervals, and 140/357 (39%) were scavenged from discarded clinical specimens. Fluconazole population PK was best described by a one-compartment model with covariates normalized to median values. The population mean clearance (CL) can be derived for this population by the equation CL (liter/h) equals 0.015 · (weight/1)0.75 · (BGA/26)1.739 · (PNA/2)0.237 · serum creatinine (SCRT)−4.896 (when SCRT is >1.0 mg/dl), and using a volume of distribution (V) (liter) of 1.024 · (weight/1). The relative standard error around the fixed effects point estimates ranged from 3 to 24%. CL doubles between birth and 28 days of age from 0.008 to 0.016 and from 0.010 to 0.022 liter/kg/h for typical 24- and 32-week-gestation infants, respectively. This population PK model of fluconazole discriminated the impact of BGA, PNA, and creatinine on drug CL. Our data suggest that dosing in young infants will require adjustment for BGA and PNA to achieve targeted systemic drug exposures.

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Cefiderocol, a Parenteral Siderophore Cephalosporin, in Patients with Pneumonia, Bloodstream Infection/Sepsis, or Complicated Urinary Tract Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nao Kawaguchi ◽  
Takayuki Katsube ◽  
Roger Echols ◽  
Toshihiro Wajima
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Dosing Regimen ◽  
Population Pk

Cefiderocol is a novel siderophore cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against Gramnegative bacteria including carbapenemresistant strains. The standard dosing regimen of cefiderocol is 2 g administered every 8 hours over 3 hours infusion in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCL) of 60 to 119 mL/min, and it is adjusted for patients with < 60 mL/min or ≥ 120 mL/min CrCL. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was constructed using 3427 plasma concentrations from 91 uninfected subjects and 425 infected patients with pneumonia, bloodstream infection/sepsis (BSI/sepsis), and complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI). Plasma cefiderocol concentrations were adequately described by the population PK model, and CrCL was the most significant covariate. No other factors including infection sites and mechanical ventilation were clinically relevant, although the effect of infection sites was identified as a statistically significant covariate in the population PK analysis. No clear pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship was found for any of the microbiological outcome, clinical outcome, or vital status. This is because the estimated percentage of time for which free plasma concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) over dosing interval (%fT>MIC) was 100% in most of the enrolled patients. The probability of target attainment (PTA) for 100% fT>MIC was > 90% against MICs ≤ 4 μg/mL for all infection sites and renal function groups except for BSI/sepsis patients with normal renal function (85%). These study results support adequate plasma exposure can be achieved at the cefiderocol recommended dosing regimen for the infected patients including the patients with augmented renal function, ventilation, and/or severe illness.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Assessment of the Hepatic and Bone Marrow Toxicities of the New Trypanoside Fexinidazole

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Watson ◽  
Nathalie Strub-Wourgraft ◽  
Antoine Tarral ◽  
Isabela Ribeiro ◽  
Joel Tarning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Bone Marrow Suppression ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT Fexinidazole is a novel oral treatment for human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (g-HAT). Fexinidazole also has activity against T. cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. During the course of a dose ranging assessment in patients with chronic indeterminate Chagas disease, delayed neutropenia and significant increases in hepatic transaminases were observed and clinical investigations were suspended. We retrospectively analyzed all available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on fexinidazole in normal healthy volunteers and in patients with Chagas disease and g-HAT to assess the determinants of toxicity. A population pharmacokinetic model was fitted to plasma concentrations (n = 4,549) of the bioactive fexinidazole sulfone metabolite, accounting for the majority of the bioactive exposure, from three phase 1 studies, two g-HAT phase 2/3 field trials, and one Chagas disease phase 2 field trial (n = 462 individuals in total). Bayesian exposure-response models were then fitted to hematological and liver-related pharmacodynamic outcomes in Chagas disease patients. Neutropenia, reductions in platelet counts, and elevations in liver transaminases were all found to be exposure dependent and, thus, dose dependent in patients with Chagas disease. Clinically insignificant transient reductions in neutrophil and platelet counts consistent with these exposure-response relationships were observed in patients with g-HAT. In contrast, no evidence of hepatotoxicity was observed in patients with g-HAT. Fexinidazole treatment results in a dose-dependent liver toxicity and transient bone marrow suppression in Chagas disease patients. Regimens of shorter duration should be evaluated in clinical trials with patients with Chagas disease. The currently recommended regimen for sleeping sickness provides exposures within a satisfactory safety margin for bone marrow suppression and does not cause hepatotoxicity.

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics Modelling and Simulation of Mitotane in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma: An Individualized Dose Regimen to Target All Patients at Three Months?

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoann Cazaubon ◽  
Yohann Talineau ◽  
Catherine Feliu ◽  
Céline Konecki ◽  
Jennifer Russello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenocortical Carcinoma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Data Files

Mitotane is the most effective agent in post-operative treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. In adults, the starting dose is 2–3 g/day and should be slightly increased to reach the therapeutic index of 14–20 mg/L. This study developed a population PK model for mitotane and to simulate recommended/high dosing regimens. We retrospectively analyzed the data files of 38 patients with 503 plasma concentrations for the pharmacokinetic analysis. Monolix version 2019R1 was used for non-linear mixed-effects modelling. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the probability of target attainment (PTA ≥ 14 mg/L) at one month and at three months. Mitotane concentration data were best described by a linear one-compartment model. The estimated PK parameters (between-subject variability) were: 8900 L (90.4%) for central volume of distribution (V) and 70 L·h−1 (29.3%) for clearance (Cl). HDL, Triglyceride (Tg) and a latent covariate were found to influence Cl. The PTA at three months for 3, 6, 9, and 12 g per day was 10%, 55%, 76%, and 85%, respectively. For a loading dose of 15 g/day for one month then 5 g/day, the PTA in the first and third months was 57 and 69%, respectively. This is the first PKpop model of mitotane highlighting the effect of HDL and Tg covariates on the clearance as well as a subpopulation of ultrafast metabolizer. The simulations suggest that recommended dose regimens are not enough to target the therapeutic threshold in the third month.

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem in Plasma and Subcutis from Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelle Hanberg ◽  
Kristina Öbrink-Hansen ◽  
Anders Thorsted ◽  
Mats Bue ◽  
Mikkel Tøttrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Population Pk ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Ecmo Treatment

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to describe meropenem pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma and/or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCT) in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment and to develop a population PK model to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration. We conducted a prospective observational study. Ten patients on ECMO treatment received meropenem (1 or 2 g) intravenously over 5 min every 8 h. Serial SCT concentrations were determined using microdialysis and compared with plasma concentrations. A population PK model of SCT and plasma data was developed using NONMEM. Time above clinical breakpoint MIC forPseudomonas aeruginosa(8 mg/liter) was predicted for each patient. The following targets were evaluated: time for which the free (unbound) concentration is maintained above the MIC of at least 40% (40%fT>MIC), 100%fT>MIC, and 100%fT>4×MIC. For all dosing regimens simulated in both plasma and SCT, 40%fT>MIC was attained. However, prolonged meropenem infusion would be needed for 100%fT>MIC and 100%fT>4×MIC to be obtained. Meropenem plasma and SCT concentrations were associated with estimated creatinine clearance (eCLCr). Simulations showed that in patients with increased eCLCr, dose increment or continuous infusion may be needed to obtain therapeutic meropenem concentrations. In conclusion, our results show that using traditional targets of 40%fT>MIC for standard meropenem dosing of 1 g intravenously every 8 h is likely to provide sufficient meropenem concentration to treat the problematic pathogenP. aeruginosafor patients receiving ECMO treatment. However, for patients with an increased eCLCr, or if more aggressive targets, like 100%fT>MIC or 100%fT>4×MIC, are adopted, incremental dosing or continuous infusion may be needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document