scholarly journals RSV604, a Novel Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 3346-3353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Chapman ◽  
Elizabeth Abbott ◽  
Dagmar G. Alber ◽  
Robert C. Baxter ◽  
Sian K. Bithell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Basolateral Side ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, yet no effective vaccine or antiviral treatment is available. Here we report the discovery and initial development of RSV604, a novel benzodiazepine with submicromolar anti-RSV activity. It proved to be equipotent against all clinical isolates tested of both the A and B subtypes of the virus. The compound has a low rate of in vitro resistance development. Sequencing revealed that the resistant virus had mutations within the nucleocapsid protein. This is a novel mechanism of action for anti-RSV compounds. In a three-dimensional human airway epithelial cell model, RSV604 was able to pass from the basolateral side of the epithelium effectively to inhibit virus replication after mucosal inoculation. RSV604, which is currently in phase II clinical trials, represents the first in a new class of RSV inhibitors and may have significant potential for the effective treatment of RSV disease.

scholarly journals Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide-Mediated Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Axberg Pålsson ◽  
Aleksandra Dondalska ◽  
Joseph Bergenstråhle ◽  
Caroline Rolfes ◽  
Albin Björk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Lung Epithelial Cells ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Single Stranded Oligonucleotide

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in young children. Currently, there is no RSV vaccine or universally accessible antiviral treatment available. Addressing the urgent need for new antiviral agents, we have investigated the capacity of a non-coding single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) to inhibit RSV infection. By utilizing a GFP-expressing RSV, we demonstrate that the ssON significantly reduced the proportion of RSV infected A549 cells (lung epithelial cells). Furthermore, we show that ssON’s antiviral activity was length dependent and that both RNA and DNA of this class of oligonucleotides have antiviral activity. We reveal that ssON inhibited RSV infection by competing with the virus for binding to the cellular receptor nucleolin in vitro. Additionally, using a recombinant RSV that expresses luciferase we show that ssON effectively blocked RSV infection in mice. Treatment with ssON in vivo resulted in the upregulation of RSV-induced interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) such as Stat1, Stat2, Cxcl10, and Ccl2. This study highlights the possibility of using oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents against RSV infection. We demonstrate that the mechanism of action of ssON is the inhibition of viral entry in vitro, likely through the binding of the receptor, nucleolin and that ssON treatment against RSV infection in vivo additionally results in the upregulation of ISGs.

scholarly journals The Major Phosphorylation Sites of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Phosphoprotein Are Dispensable for Virus Replication In Vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 10776-10784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Lu ◽  
Chien-Hui Ma ◽  
Robert Brazas ◽  
Hong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
N Protein ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT The phosphoprotein (P protein) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a key component of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex. The protein is constitutively phosphorylated at the two clusters of serine residues (116, 117, and 119 [116/117/119] and 232 and 237 [232/237]). To examine the role of phosphorylation of the RSV P protein in virus replication, these five serine residues were altered to eliminate their phosphorylation potential, and the mutant proteins were analyzed for their functions with a minigenome assay. The reporter gene expression was reduced by 20% when all five phosphorylation sites were eliminated. Mutants with knockout mutations at two phosphorylation sites (S232A/S237A [PP2]) and at five phosphorylation sites (S116L/S117R/S119L/S232A/S237A [PP5]) were introduced into the infectious RSV A2 strain. Immunoprecipitation of 33Pi-labeled infected cells showed that P protein phosphorylation was reduced by 80% for rA2-PP2 and 95% for rA2-PP5. The interaction between the nucleocapsid (N) protein and P protein was reduced in rA2-PP2- and rA2-PP5-infected cells by 30 and 60%, respectively. Although the two recombinant viruses replicated well in Vero cells, rA2-PP2 and, to a greater extent, rA2-PP5, replicated poorly in HEp-2 cells. Virus budding from the infected HEp-2 cells was affected by dephosphorylation of P protein, because the majority of rA2-PP5 remained cell associated. In addition, rA2-PP5 was also more attenuated than rA2-PP2 in replication in the respiratory tracts of mice and cotton rats. Thus, our data suggest that although the major phosphorylation sites of RSV P protein are dispensable for virus replication in vitro, phosphorylation of P protein is required for efficient virus replication in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNA NRAV Promotes Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication by Targeting the MicroRNA miR-509-3p/Rab5c Axis To Regulate Vesicle Transportation

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Xiuli Wang ◽  
Mengfei Sun ◽  
Cuiqing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Long Noncoding Rna ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped RNA virus which is responsible for approximately 80% of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Current lines of evidence have supported the functional involvement of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in many viral infectious diseases. However, the overall biological effect and clinical role of lncRNAs in RSV infection remain unclear. In this study, lncRNAs related to respiratory virus infection were obtained from the lncRNA database, and we collected 144 clinical sputum specimens to identify lncRNAs related to RSV infection. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection indicated that the expression of lncRNA negative regulator of antiviral response (NRAV) in RSV-positive patients was significantly lower than that in uninfected patients, but lncRNA psoriasis-associated non-protein coding RNA induced by stress (PRINS), nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), and Nettoie Salmonella pas Theiler’s (NeST) showed no difference in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, overexpression of NRAV promoted RSV proliferation in A549 and BEAS-2B cells, and vice versa, indicating that the downregulation of NRAV was part of the host antiviral defense. RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed that NRAV was mainly located in the cytoplasm. Through RNA sequencing, we found that Rab5c, which is a vesicle transporting protein, showed the same change trend as NRAV. Subsequent investigation revealed that NRAV was able to favor RSV production indirectly by sponging microRNA miR-509-3p so as to release Rab5c and facilitate vesicle transportation. The study provides a new insight into virus-host interaction through noncoding RNA, which may contribute to exploring potential antivirus targets for respiratory virus. IMPORTANCE The mechanism of interaction between RSV and host noncoding RNAs is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) negative regulator of antiviral response (NRAV) was reduced in RSV-infected patients, and overexpression of NRAV facilitated RSV production in vitro, suggesting that the reduction of NRAV in RSV infection was part of the host antiviral response. We also found that NRAV competed with vesicle protein Rab5c for microRNA miR509-3p in cytoplasm to promote RSV vesicle transport and accelerate RSV proliferation, thereby improving our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of RSV infection.

scholarly journals The Central Conserved Cystine Noose of the Attachment G Protein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Not Required for Efficient Viral Infection In Vitro or In Vivo

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 6164-6171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Teng ◽  
Peter L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Segment

ABSTRACT The G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was identified previously as the viral attachment protein. Although we and others recently showed that G is not essential for replication in vitro, it does affect the efficiency of replication in a cell type-dependent fashion and is required for efficient replication in vivo. The ectodomain of G is composed of two heavily glycosylated domains with mucin-like characteristics that are separated by a short central region that is relatively devoid of glycosylation sites. This central region contains a 13-amino acid segment that is conserved in the same form among RSV isolates and is overlapped by a second segment containing four cysteine residues whose spacings are conserved in the same form and which create a cystine noose. The conserved nature of the cystine noose and flanking 13-amino acid segment suggested that this region likely was important for attachment activity. To test this hypothesis, we constructed recombinant RSVs from which the region containing the cysteine residues was deleted together with part or all of the conserved 13-amino acid segment. Surprisingly, each deletion had little or no effect on the intracellular synthesis and processing of the G protein, the kinetics or efficiency of virus replication in vitro, or sensitivity to neutralization by soluble heparin in vitro. In addition, neither deletion had any discernible effect on the ability of RSV to infect the upper respiratory tract of mice and both resulted in a 3- to 10-fold reduction in the lower respiratory tract. Thus, although the G protein is necessary for efficient virus replication in vivo, this activity does not require the central conserved cystine noose region.

scholarly journals RFI-641, a Potent Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibitor

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton C. Huntley ◽  
William J. Weiss ◽  
Anna Gazumyan ◽  
Aron Buklan ◽  
Boris Feld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Monkey Model ◽  
Cotton Rats ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a paramyxovirus, is a major cause of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, and adults. RFI-641 is a novel anti-RSV agent with potent in vitro and in vivo activity. RFI-641 is active against both RSV type A and B strains. The viral specificity and the large therapeutic window of RFI-641 (>100-fold) indicate that the antiviral activity of the compound is not due to adverse effects on normal cells. The potent in vitro activity of RFI-641 can be translated to efficacy in vivo: RFI-641 is efficacious when administered prophylactically by the intranasal route in mice, cotton rats, and African green monkeys. RFI-641 is also efficacious when administered therapeutically (24 h postinfection) in the monkey model. Mechanism of action studies indicate that RFI-641 blocks viral F protein-mediated fusion and cell syncytium formation.

scholarly journals Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Carlotta Biagi ◽  
Arianna Dondi ◽  
Sara Scarpini ◽  
Alessandro Rocca ◽  
Silvia Vandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and it also induces significant disease in the elderly. The clinical course may be severe, especially in high-risk populations (infants and elderly), with a large number of deaths in developing countries and of intensive care hospitalizations worldwide. To date, prevention strategies against RSV infection is based on hygienic measures and passive immunization with humanized monoclonal antibodies, limited to selected high-risk children due to their high costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a global health need and an important objective of research in this field. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates in different formats (particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, subunit vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines) are being developed and are now at different stages, many of them already being in the clinical stage. While waiting for commercially available safe and effective vaccines, immune prophylaxis in selected groups of high-risk populations is still mandatory. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the RSV vaccine research and its implications for clinical practice, focusing on the characteristics of the vaccines that reached the clinical stage of development.

scholarly journals Passive Immunoprophylaxis against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children: Where Are We Now?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3703
Author(s):  
Alessandro Rocca ◽  
Carlotta Biagi ◽  
Sara Scarpini ◽  
Arianna Dondi ◽  
Silvia Vandini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. RSV infection is a self-limiting condition and does not require antibiotics. However hospitalized infants with clinical bronchiolitis often receive antibiotics for fear of bacteria coinfection, especially when chest radiography is performed due to similar radiographic appearance of infiltrate and atelectasis. This may lead to unnecessary antibiotic prescription, additional cost, and increased risk of development of resistance. Despite the considerable burden of RSV bronchiolitis, to date, only symptomatic treatment is available, and there are no commercially available vaccines. The only licensed passive immunoprophylaxis is palivizumab. The high cost of this monoclonal antibody (mAb) has led to limiting its prescription only for high-risk children: infants with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, neuromuscular disorders, immunodeficiencies, and extreme preterm birth. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the majority of hospitalized RSV-infected children do not fully meet the criteria for immune prophylaxis. While waiting for an effective vaccine, passive immune prophylaxis in children is mandatory. There are a growing number of RSV passive immunization candidates under development intended for RSV prevention in all infants. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of palivizumab’s usage and summarize the clinical and preclinical trials regarding the development of mAbs with a better cost-effectiveness ratio.

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