Ecophysiological plasticity in the Arctic phytoplankton species Phaeocystis pouchetii (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta)

2016 ◽  
Vol 151-152 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Pfaff ◽  
Lydia Gustavs ◽  
Annett Reichardt ◽  
Rainer Jaskulke ◽  
Hartmut Ewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Phaeocystis Pouchetii

scholarly journals The ice-nucleating activity of Arctic sea surface microlayer samples and marine algal cultures

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 11089-11117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ickes ◽  
Grace C. E. Porter ◽  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Michael P. Adams ◽  
Sascha Bierbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Nucleation Activity ◽  
Ice Nucleation Activity ◽  
Algal Cultures

Abstract. In recent years, sea spray as well as the biological material it contains has received increased attention as a source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Such INPs may play a role in remote marine regions, where other sources of INPs are scarce or absent. In the Arctic, these INPs can influence water–ice partitioning in low-level clouds and thereby the cloud lifetime, with consequences for the surface energy budget, sea ice formation and melt, and climate. Marine aerosol is of a diverse nature, so identifying sources of INPs is challenging. One fraction of marine bioaerosol (phytoplankton and their exudates) has been a particular focus of marine INP research. In our study we attempt to address three main questions. Firstly, we compare the ice-nucleating ability of two common phytoplankton species with Arctic seawater microlayer samples using the same instrumentation to see if these phytoplankton species produce ice-nucleating material with sufficient activity to account for the ice nucleation observed in Arctic microlayer samples. We present the first measurements of the ice-nucleating ability of two predominant phytoplankton species: Melosira arctica, a common Arctic diatom species, and Skeletonema marinoi, a ubiquitous diatom species across oceans worldwide. To determine the potential effect of nutrient conditions and characteristics of the algal culture, such as the amount of organic carbon associated with algal cells, on the ice nucleation activity, Skeletonema marinoi was grown under different nutrient regimes. From comparison of the ice nucleation data of the algal cultures to those obtained from a range of sea surface microlayer (SML) samples obtained during three different field expeditions to the Arctic (ACCACIA, NETCARE, and ASCOS), we found that they were not as ice active as the investigated microlayer samples, although these diatoms do produce ice-nucleating material. Secondly, to improve our understanding of local Arctic marine sources as atmospheric INPs we applied two aerosolization techniques to analyse the ice-nucleating ability of aerosolized microlayer and algal samples. The aerosols were generated either by direct nebulization of the undiluted bulk solutions or by the addition of the samples to a sea spray simulation chamber filled with artificial seawater. The latter method generates aerosol particles using a plunging jet to mimic the process of oceanic wave breaking. We observed that the aerosols produced using this approach can be ice active, indicating that the ice-nucleating material in seawater can indeed transfer to the aerosol phase. Thirdly, we attempted to measure ice nucleation activity across the entire temperature range relevant for mixed-phase clouds using a suite of ice nucleation measurement techniques – an expansion cloud chamber, a continuous-flow diffusion chamber, and a cold stage. In order to compare the measurements made using the different instruments, we have normalized the data in relation to the mass of salt present in the nascent sea spray aerosol. At temperatures above 248 K some of the SML samples were very effective at nucleating ice, but there was substantial variability between the different samples. In contrast, there was much less variability between samples below 248 K. We discuss our results in the context of aerosol–cloud interactions in the Arctic with a focus on furthering our understanding of which INP types may be important in the Arctic atmosphere.

scholarly journals Zooplankton distribution and feeding in the Arctic Ocean during a Phaeocystis pouchetii bloom

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enric Saiz ◽  
Albert Calbet ◽  
Stamatina Isari ◽  
Meritxell Antó ◽  
Eva M. Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Distribution ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Phaeocystis Pouchetii

scholarly journals Arctic marine ice nucleating aerosol: a laboratory study of microlayer samples and algal cultures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Ickes ◽  
Grace C. E. Porter ◽  
Robert Wagner ◽  
Michael P. Adams ◽  
Sascha Bierbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Nucleation Activity ◽  
Ice Nucleation Activity ◽  
Skeletonema Marinoi ◽  
Algal Cultures

Abstract. In recent years, sea spray and the biological material it contains has received increased attention as a source of ice nucleating particles (INPs). Such INPs may play a role in remote marine regions, where other sources of INPs are scarce or absent. Marine aerosol is of diverse nature, so identifying sources of INPs is challenging. One fraction of marine bioaerosol, phytoplankton and their exudates, has been a particular focus of marine INP research. In our study we attempt to address three main questions. Firstly, we compare the ice nucleating ability of two common phytoplankton species with Arctic seawater microlayer samples using the same instrumentation to see if these phytoplankton species produce ice nucleating material with sufficient activity to account for the ice nucleation observed in Arctic microlayer samples. We present first measurements of the ice nucleating ability of two predominant phytoplankton species, Melosira arctica, a common Arctic diatom species and Skeletonema marinoi, a ubiquitous diatom species across oceans worldwide. To determine the potential effect of nutrient conditions and characteristics of the algal culture, such as the amount of organic carbon associated with algal cells, on the ice nucleation activity, the Skeletonema marinoi was grown under different nutrient regimes. From comparison of the ice nucleation data of the algal cultures to those obtained from a range of sea surface microlayer (SML) samples obtained during three different field expeditions to the Arctic (ACCACIA, NETCARE, ASCOS) we found that although these diatoms do produce ice nucleating material, they were not as ice active as the investigated microlayer samples. Secondly, to improve our understanding of local Arctic marine sources as atmospheric INP we applied several aerosolisation techniques to analyse the ice nucleating ability of aerosolised microlayer and algae samples. The aerosols were generated either by direct nebulisation of the undiluted bulk solutions, or by the addition of the samples to a sea spray simulation chamber filled with artificial seawater. The latter method generates aerosol particles using a plunging jet to mimic the process of oceanic wave-breaking. We observed that the aerosols produced using this approach can be ice active indicating that the ice nucleating material in seawater can indeed transfer to the aerosol phase. Thirdly, we attempted to measure ice nucleation activity across the entire temperature range relevant for mixed-phase clouds using a suite of ice nucleation measurement techniques- an expansion cloud chamber, a continuous flow diffusion chamber, and a cold stage. In order to compare the measurements made using the different instruments, we have normalised the data in relation to the mass of salt present in the nascent sea spray aerosol. At temperatures above 248 K some of the SML samples were very effective at nucleating ice, but there was substantial variability between the different samples. In contrast, there was much less variability between samples below 248 K.

scholarly journals Metabolomics-derived marker metabolites to characterize Phaeocystis pouchetii physiology in natural plankton communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Kuhlisch ◽  
Julia Althammer ◽  
Andrey F. Sazhin ◽  
Hans H. Jakobsen ◽  
Jens C. Nejstgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Zooplankton Grazing ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
Phaeocystis Pouchetii ◽  
Plankton Communities

AbstractPhaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim, 1893 regularly dominates phytoplankton blooms in higher latitudes spanning from the English Channel to the Arctic. Through zooplankton grazing and microbial activity, it is considered to be a key resource for the entire marine food web, but the actual relevance of biomass transfer to higher trophic levels is still under discussion. Cell physiology and algal nutritional state are suggested to be major factors controlling the observed variability in zooplankton grazing. However, no data have so far yielded insights into the metabolic state of Phaeocystis populations that would allow testing this hypothesis. Therefore, endometabolic markers of different growth phases were determined in laboratory batch cultures using comparative metabolomics and quantified in different phytoplankton blooms in the field. Metabolites, produced during exponential, early and late stationary growth of P. pouchetii, were profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, metabolites were characterized that correlate with the growth phases using multivariate statistical analysis. Free amino acids characterized the exponential growth, whereas the early stationary phase was correlated with sugar alcohols, mono- and disaccharides. In the late stationary phase, free fatty acids, sterols and terpenes increased. These marker metabolites were then traced in Phaeocystis blooms during a cruise in the Barents Sea and North Norwegian fjords. About 50 endometabolites of P. pouchetii were detected in natural phytoplankton communities. Mannitol, scyllo-inositol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, and several free fatty acids were characteristic for Phaeocystis-dominated blooms but showed variability between them. Distinct metabolic profiles were detected in the nutrient-depleted community in the inner Porsangerfjord (< 0.5 µM NO3−, < 0.1 µM PO 4 3− ), with high relative amounts of free mono- and disaccharides indicative for a limited culture. This study thereby shows how the variable physiology of phytoplankton can alter the metabolic landscape of entire plankton communities.

The Arctic Climate System

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Serreze ◽  
Roger G. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Climate System ◽  
Arctic Climate ◽  
The Arctic
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