One Neuron-Multiple Receptors: Increased Complexity in Olfactory Coding?

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (285) ◽  
pp. pe25-pe25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Spehr ◽  
T. Leinders-Zufall
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Coding ◽  
Multiple Receptors

Olfactory Coding

Nature ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 216 (5113) ◽  
pp. 404-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. WRIGHT ◽  
J. R. HUGHES ◽  
D. E. HENDRIX
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Coding

scholarly journals Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses multiple receptors for adherence to laminin during infection of the respiratory tract and skin wounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Paulsson ◽  
Yu-Ching Su ◽  
Tamara Ringwood ◽  
Fabian Uddén ◽  
Kristian Riesbeck
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Laminin Receptors ◽  
Multiple Receptors ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa efficiently adheres to human tissues, including the lungs and skin, causing infections that are difficult to treat. Laminin is a main component of the extracellular matrix, and in this study we defined bacterial laminin receptors on P. aeruginosa. Persistent clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis, wounds or catheter-related urinary tract infections bound more laminin compared to blood isolates. Laminin receptors in the outer membrane were revealed by 2D-immunblotting, and the specificities of interactions were confirmed with ELISA and biolayer interferometry. Four new high-affinity laminin receptors were identified in the outer membrane; EstA, OprD, OprG and PA3923. Mutated bacteria devoid of these receptors adhered poorly to immobilized laminin. All bacterial receptors bound to the heparin-binding domains on LG4 and LG5 of the laminin alpha chain as assessed with truncated laminin fragments, transmission electron microscopy and inhibition by heparin. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa binds laminin via multiple surface receptors, and isolates from lungs of cystic fibrosis patients bound significantly more laminin compared to bacteria isolated from the skin and urine. Since laminin is abundant in both the lungs and skin, we suggest that laminin binding is an important mechanism in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Olfactory coding in the antennal lobe of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Mertes ◽  
Julie Carcaud ◽  
Jean-Christophe Sandoz
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Olfactory Coding ◽  
Major Transitions

AbstractSociality is classified as one of the major transitions in evolution, with the largest number of eusocial species found in the insect order Hymenoptera, including the Apini (honey bees) and the Bombini (bumble bees). Bumble bees and honey bees not only differ in their social organization and foraging strategies, but comparative analyses of their genomes demonstrated that bumble bees have a slightly less diverse family of olfactory receptors than honey bees, suggesting that their olfactory abilities have adapted to different social and/or ecological conditions. However, unfortunately, no precise comparison of olfactory coding has been performed so far between honey bees and bumble bees, and little is known about the rules underlying olfactory coding in the bumble bee brain. In this study, we used in vivo calcium imaging to study olfactory coding of a panel of floral odorants in the antennal lobe of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Our results show that odorants induce reproducible neuronal activity in the bumble bee antennal lobe. Each odorant evokes a different glomerular activity pattern revealing this molecule’s chemical structure, i.e. its carbon chain length and functional group. In addition, pairwise similarity among odor representations are conserved in bumble bees and honey bees. This study thus suggests that bumble bees, like honey bees, are equipped to respond to odorants according to their chemical features.

scholarly journals Targeting the Incretin/Glucagon System With Triagonists to Treat Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Capozzi ◽  
Richard D DiMarchi ◽  
Matthias H Tschöp ◽  
Brian Finan ◽  
Jonathan E Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Multiple Receptors ◽  
Insulinotropic Peptide ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Glucagonlike peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been efficacious for the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their ability to reduce weight and attenuate hyperglycemia. However, the activity of glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor–directed strategies is submaximal, and the only potent, sustainable treatment of metabolic dysfunction is bariatric surgery, necessitating the development of unique therapeutics. GLP-1 is structurally related to glucagon and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), allowing for the development of intermixed, unimolecular peptides with activity at each of their respective receptors. In this review, we discuss the range of tissue targets and added benefits afforded by the inclusion of each of GIP and glucagon. We discuss considerations for the development of sequence-intermixed dual agonists and triagonists, highlighting the importance of evaluating balanced signaling at the targeted receptors. Several multireceptor agonist peptides have been developed and evaluated, and the key preclinical and clinical findings are reviewed in detail. The biological activity of these multireceptor agonists are founded in the success of GLP-1-directed strategies; by including GIP and glucagon components, these multireceptor agonists are thought to enhance GLP-1’s activities by broadening the tissue targets and synergizing at tissues that express multiple receptors, such at the brain and pancreatic isletβ cells. The development and utility of balanced, unimolecular multireceptor agonists provide both a useful tool for querying the actions of incretins and glucagon during metabolic disease and a unique drug class to treat type 2 diabetes with unprecedented efficacy.

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