scholarly journals Vaccine nationalism and the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. e
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Wagner ◽  
Chadi M. Saad-Roy ◽  
Sinead E. Morris ◽  
Rachel E. Baker ◽  
Michael J. Mina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Antigenic Evolution ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Vaccines provide powerful tools to mitigate the enormous public health and economic costs that the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to exert globally, yet vaccine distribution remains unequal among countries. To examine the potential epidemiological and evolutionary impacts of ‘vaccine nationalism’, we extend previous models to include simple scenarios of stockpiling between two regions. In general, when vaccines are widely available and the immunity they confer is robust, sharing doses minimizes total cases across regions. A number of subtleties arise when the populations and transmission rates in each region differ, depending on evolutionary assumptions and vaccine availability. When the waning of natural immunity contributes most to evolutionary potential, sustained transmission in low access regions results in an increased potential for antigenic evolution, which may result in the emergence of novel variants that affect epidemiological characteristics globally. Overall, our results stress the importance of rapid equitable vaccine distribution for global control of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Vaccine nationalism and the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E Wagner ◽  
Chadi M. Saad-Roy ◽  
Sinead E. Morris ◽  
Rachel E. Baker ◽  
Michael J Mina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
High Return ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Antigenic Evolution ◽  
Combined Infection ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
And Control

Vaccines provide powerful tools to mitigate the enormous public health and economic costs that the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to exert globally, yet vaccine distribution remains unequal between countries. To examine the potential epidemiological and evolutionary impacts of 'vaccine nationalism', we extend previous models to include simple scenarios of stockpiling. In general, we find that stockpiling vaccines by countries with high availability leads to large increases in infections in countries with low vaccine availability, the magnitude of which depends on the strength and duration of natural and vaccinal immunity. Additionally, a number of subtleties arise when the populations and transmission rates in each country differ depending on evolutionary assumptions and vaccine availability. Furthermore, the movement of infected individuals between countries combined with the possibility of increases in viral transmissibility may greatly magnify local and combined infection numbers, suggesting that countries with high vaccine availability must invest in surveillance strategies to prevent case importation. Dose-sharing is likely a high-return strategy because equitable allocation brings non-linear benefits and also alleviates costs of surveillance (e.g. border testing, genomic surveillance) in settings where doses are sufficient to maintain cases at low numbers. Across a range of immunological scenarios, we find that vaccine sharing is also a powerful tool to decrease the potential for antigenic evolution, especially if infections after the waning of natural immunity contribute most to evolutionary potential. Overall, our results stress the importance of equitable global vaccine distribution.

scholarly journals Trans-National Equitable Strategies of Vaccine Distribution during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Domingo ◽  
Stanislaw Biber ◽  
Gabriele Dian ◽  
Patrick Dorey ◽  
Kays Haddad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
Allocation Strategies

In this report we propose a modelling framework to analyse and optimise worldwide vaccine allocation strategies, with reference to the current COVID-19 pandemic. We model epidemiological transmission and vaccination in a system of M interacting countries, quantifying the social and economic costs incurred by each country due to the pandemic and the country's vaccination rate. Under constraints over global vaccine availability, we analyse best strategies of vaccine allocation: either with the aim of minimising global costs, or by taking the perspective of a competitive game where each country aims to minimise its own cost. We distinguish between the financial capabilities of different countries, and extend our framework to allow for vaccine donation from wealthier to poorer countries. Numerical simulations allow us to compare the best strategies of the above two approaches, and to analyse circumstances under which vaccine donation simultaneously benefits both donating and receiving countries.

scholarly journals Trans-National Equitable Strategies of Vaccine Distribution during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Domingo ◽  
Stanislav Biber ◽  
Gabriele Dian ◽  
Patrick Dorey ◽  
Kays Haddad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
Allocation Strategies

In this report we propose a modelling framework to analyse and optimise worldwide vaccine allocation strategies, with reference to the current COVID-19 pandemic. We model epidemiological transmission and vaccination in a system of M interacting countries, quantifying the social and economic costs incurred by each country due to the pandemic and the country's vaccination rate. Under constraints over global vaccine availability, we analyse best strategies of vaccine allocation: either with the aim of minimising global costs, or by taking the perspective of a competitive game where each country aims to minimise its own cost. We distinguish between the financial capabilities of different countries, and extend our framework to allow for vaccine donation from wealthier to poorer countries. Numerical simulations allow us to compare the best strategies of the above two approaches, and to analyse circumstances under which vaccine donation simultaneously benefits both donating and receiving countries.

PROJECT ON ELECTRONIC STEERING SYSYTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Shivam Dwivedi ◽  
Prof. Vikas Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Steering System ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Electronic Steering ◽  
And Control

As the four-wheel steering (4WS) system has great potentials, many researchers' attention was attracted to this technique and active research was made. As a result, passenger cars equipped with 4WS systems were put on the market a few years ago. This report tries to identify the essential elements of the 4WS technology in terms of vehicle dynamics and control techniques. Based on the findings of this investigation, the report gives a mechanism of electronically controlling the steering system depending on the variable pressure applied on it. This enhances the controlling and smoothens the operation of steering mechanism.

Author response for "Dynamics and control of microgrids as a resiliency source"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lung-An Lee ◽  
Chen-Ching Liu ◽  
Yin Xu ◽  
Kevin P. Schneider ◽  
Francis K. Tuffner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Author Response ◽  
Dynamics And Control ◽  
And Control
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