scholarly journals Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals gliogenic domains in the adult mouse brain

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 372 (6547) ◽  
pp. 1205-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Delgado ◽  
Angel R. Maldonado-Soto ◽  
Violeta Silva-Vargas ◽  
Dogukan Mizrak ◽  
Thomas von Känel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Spatial Domains ◽  
Supraependymal Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Receptor Beta

Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) undergo activation to generate neurons and some glia. Here we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is expressed by adult V-SVZ NSCs that generate olfactory bulb interneurons and glia. Selective deletion of PDGFRβ in adult V-SVZ NSCs leads to their release from quiescence, uncovering gliogenic domains for different glial cell types. These domains are also recruited upon injury. We identify an intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor derived from NSCs inside the brain ventricles that contacts supraependymal axons. Together, our findings reveal that the adult V-SVZ contains spatial domains for gliogenesis, in addition to those for neurogenesis. These gliogenic NSC domains tend to be quiescent under homeostasis and may contribute to brain plasticity.

scholarly journals Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals multiple gliogenic domains in the adult brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Delgado ◽  
Angel R. Maldonado-Soto ◽  
Violeta Silva-Vargas ◽  
Dogukan Mizrak ◽  
Thomas von Känel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Septal Wall ◽  
Spatial Domains ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Receptor Beta

AbstractQuiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) have a regional identity and undergo activation to generate neurons. The domains for gliogenesis are less explored. Here we show that Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is expressed by adult V-SVZ NSCs that generate olfactory bulb interneurons and glia with slow baseline kinetics. Selective deletion of PDGFRβ in adult V-SVZ NSCs leads to their release from quiescence uncovering multiple domains in the septal wall for oligodendrocyte and astrocyte formation. Unexpectedly, we identify a novel intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor inside the brain ventricles. Together our findings reveal different NSC spatial domains for gliogenesis in the adult V-SVZ that are largely quiescent under homeostasis and may have key functions for brain plasticity.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Recruitment Of Adult Neural Stem Cells For Transient Neurogenesis During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zayna Chaker ◽  
Corina Segalada ◽  
Fiona Doetsch
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Care Period

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse brain contribute to lifelong brain plasticity. NSCs in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) are heterogeneous and, depending on their location in the niche, give rise to different subtypes of olfactory bulb interneurons. Here, we show that during pregnancy multiple regionally-distinct NSCs are dynamically recruited at different times. Coordinated temporal activation of these NSC pools generates sequential waves of short-lived olfactory bulb interneuron subtypes that mature in the mother around birth and in the perinatal care period. Concomitant with neuronal addition, oligodendrocyte progenitors also transiently increase in the olfactory bulb. Thus, life experiences, such as pregnancy, can trigger transient neurogenesis and gliogenesis under tight spatial and temporal control, and may provide a novel substrate for brain plasticity in anticipation of temporary physiological demand.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells: What Happens When They Go Viral?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Yashika S. Kamte ◽  
Manisha N. Chandwani ◽  
Alexa C. Michaels ◽  
Lauren A. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Multipotent Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
The Brain

Viruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with developmental abnormalities as well as neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Many of these viruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) demonstrate tropism for neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are the multipotent progenitor cells of the brain that have the ability to form neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Viral infections often alter the function of NSCs, with profound impacts on the growth and repair of the brain. There are a wide spectrum of effects on NSCs, which differ by the type of virus, the model system, the cell types studied, and the age of the host. Thus, it is a challenge to predict and define the consequences of interactions between viruses and NSCs. The purpose of this review is to dissect the mechanisms by which viruses can affect survival, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs. This review also sheds light on the contribution of key antiviral cytokines in the impairment of NSC activity during a viral infection, revealing a complex interplay between NSCs, viruses, and the immune system.

scholarly journals Heterotopically transplanted CVO neural stem cells generate neurons and migrate with SVZ cells in the adult mouse brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 475 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori B. Bennett ◽  
Jingli Cai ◽  
Grigori Enikolopov ◽  
Lorraine Iacovitti
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain

scholarly journals Cellular Mechanisms Participating in Brain Repair of Adult Zebrafish and Mammals After Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batoul Ghaddar ◽  
Luisa Lübke ◽  
David COURET ◽  
Sepand Rastegar ◽  
Nicolas Diotel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Brain

Adult neurogenesis is an evolutionary conserved process occurring in all vertebrates. However, striking differences are observed between the taxa, considering the number of neurogenic niches, the neural stem cell (NSC) identity and brain plasticity under constitutive and injury-induced conditions. Zebrafish has become a popular model for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adult neurogenesis. Compared to mammals, the adult zebrafish displays a high number of neurogenic niches distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong regenerative capacity without scar formation or any obvious disabilities. In this review, we will first discuss the similarities and differences regarding (i) the distribution of neurogenic niches in the brain of adult zebrafish and mammals (mainly mouse) and (ii) the nature of the neural stem cells within the main telencephalic niches. In the second part, we will describe the cascade of cellular events occurring after telencephalic injury in zebrafish and mouse. Our study clearly shows that most early events happening right after the brain injury are shared between zebrafish and mouse including cell death, microglia and oligodendrocyte recruitment, as well as injury-induced neurogenesis. In mammals one of the consequences following an injury is the formation of a glial scar that is persistent. This is not the case in zebrafish, which may be one of the main reasons that zebrafish display a higher regenerative capacity.

scholarly journals MRI of Capn15 knockout mice and analysis of Capn15 distribution reveal possible roles in brain development and plasticity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congyao Zha ◽  
Carole A Farah ◽  
Vladimir Fonov ◽  
David A. Rudko ◽  
Wayne S Sossin
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPurposeThe non-classical Small Optic Lobe (SOL) family of calpains are intracellular cysteine proteases that are expressed in the nervous system and appear to play an important role in neuronal development in both Drosophila, where loss of this calpain leads to the eponymous small optic lobes, and in mouse and human, where loss of this calpain (Capn15) leads to eye anomalies. However, the brain regions where this calpain is expressed and the areas most affected by the loss of this calpain have not been carefully examined.ProceduresWe utilize an insert strain where lacZ is expressed under the control of the Capn15 promoter, together with immunocytochemistry with markers of specific cell types to address where Capn 15 is expressed in the brain. We use small animal MRI comparing WT, Capn15 knockout and Capn15 conditional knockout mice to address the brain regions that are affected when Capn 15 is not present, either in early development of the adult.ResultsCapn15 is expressed in diverse brain regions, many of them involved in plasticity such as the hippocampus, lateral amygdala and Purkinje neurons. Capn15 knockout mice have smaller brains, and present specific deficits in the thalamus and hippocampal regions. There are no deficits revealed by MRI in brain regions when Capn15 is knocked out after development.ConclusionsAreas where Capn15 is expressed in the adult are not good markers for the specific regions where the loss of Capn15 specifically affects brain development. Thus, it is likely that this calpain plays distinct roles in brain development and brain plasticity.

scholarly journals A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Dani ◽  
Rebecca H. Herbst ◽  
Naomi Habib ◽  
Joshua Head ◽  
Danielle Dionne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Brain Ventricle ◽  
Macrophage Populations ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe choroid plexus (ChP), located in each brain ventricle, produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier, but is under-characterized. Here, we combine single cell RNA-Seq and spatial mapping of RNA and proteins to construct an atlas of each ChP in the developing and adult mouse brain. Each ChP comprises of epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, immune, neuronal, and glial cells, with distinct subtypes, differentiation states and anatomical locations. Epithelial, fibroblast, and macrophage populations had ventricle-specific, regionalized gene expression programs across the developing brain. Key cell types are retained in adult, with loss of developmental signatures and maturation of ventricle-specific regionalization in the epithelial cells. Expression of cognate ligand-receptor pairs across cell subtypes suggests substantial cell-cell interactions within the ChP. Our atlas sheds new light on the development and function of the ChP brain barrier system, and will facilitate future studies on its role in brain development, homeostasis and disease.

scholarly journals Proteomic analysis of young and old mouse hematopoietic stem cells and their progenitors reveals post-transcriptional regulation in stem cells

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balyn W Zaro ◽  
Joseph J Noh ◽  
Victoria L Mascetti ◽  
Janos Demeter ◽  
Benson George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Multipotent Progenitors

The balance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation is critical for a healthy blood supply; imbalances underlie hematological diseases. The importance of HSCs and their progenitors have led to their extensive characterization at genomic and transcriptomic levels. However, the proteomics of hematopoiesis remains incompletely understood. Here we report a proteomics resource from mass spectrometry of mouse young adult and old adult mouse HSCs, multipotent progenitors and oligopotent progenitors; 12 cell types in total. We validated differential protein levels, including confirmation that Dnmt3a protein levels are undetected in young adult mouse HSCs until forced into cycle. Additionally, through integrating proteomics and RNA-sequencing datasets, we identified a subset of genes with apparent post-transcriptional repression in young adult mouse HSCs. In summary, we report proteomic coverage of young and old mouse HSCs and progenitors, with broader implications for understanding mechanisms for stem cell maintenance, niche interactions and fate determination.

Majority of alpha2,6-sialylated glycans in the adult mouse brain exist in O-glycans: SALSA-MS analysis for knockout mice of alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes

Glycobiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhsuke Ohmi ◽  
Takashi Nishikaze ◽  
Yoko Kitaura ◽  
Takako Ito ◽  
Satoko Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Tissues

Abstract Sialic acids are unique sugars with negative charge and exert various biological functions such as regulation of immune systems, maintenance of nerve tissues and expression of malignant properties of cancers. Alpha 2,6 sialylated N-glycans, one of representative sialylation forms, are synthesized by St6gal1 or St6gal2 gene products in humans and mice. Previously, it has been reported that St6gal1 gene is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues. On the other hand, St6gal2 gene is expressed mainly in the embryonic and perinatal stages of brain tissues. However, roles of St6gal2 gene have not been clarified. Expression profiles of N-glycans with terminal α2,6 sialic acid generated by St6gal gene products in the brain have never been directly studied. Using conventional lectin blotting and novel sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidationmass spectrometry method (SALSA-MS), we investigated the function and expression of St6gal genes and profiles of their products in the adult mouse brain by establishing KO mice lacking St6gal1 gene, St6gal2 gene, or both of them (double knockout). Consequently, α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were scarcely detected in adult mouse brain tissues, and a majority of α2,6-sialylated glycans found in the mouse brain were O-linked glycans. The majority of these α2,6-sialylated O-glycans were shown to be disialyl-T antigen and sialyl-(6)T antigen by mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, it was revealed that a few α2,6-sialylated N-glycans were produced by the action of St6gal1 gene, despite both St6gal1 and St6gal2 genes being expressed in the adult mouse brain. In the future, where and how sialylated O-linked glycoproteins function in the brain tissue remains to be clarified.

Chronic poly-drug administration damages adult mouse brain neural stem cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 1723 ◽  
pp. 146425
Author(s):  
Erica L. McGrath ◽  
Caitlin R. Schlagal ◽  
Ibdanelo Cortez ◽  
Tiffany J. Dunn ◽  
Junling Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain
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