scholarly journals Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. eabg6296
Author(s):  
Yafang Cheng ◽  
Nan Ma ◽  
Christian Witt ◽  
Steffen Rapp ◽  
Philipp S. Wild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Population Average ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Virus Abundance

Airborne transmission by droplets and aerosols is important for the spread of viruses. Face masks are a well-established preventive measure, but their effectiveness for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission is still under debate. We show that variations in mask efficacy can be explained by different regimes of virus abundance and related to population-average infection probability and reproduction number. For SARS-CoV-2, the viral load of infectious individuals can vary by orders of magnitude. We find that most environments and contacts are under conditions of low virus abundance (virus-limited) where surgical masks are effective at preventing virus spread. More advanced masks and other protective equipment are required in potentially virus-rich indoor environments including medical centers and hospitals. Masks are particularly effective in combination with other preventive measures like ventilation and distancing.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cholera Epidemic Controlling Using Mathematical Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kinfe Hailemariam Hntsa ◽  
Berhe Nerea Kahsay
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Sensitivity Indices ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

The purpose of this study is to see whether it is possible to eradicate the disease theoretically using mathematical modeling with the aid of numerical simulation when disease occurs in a population by implementing adequate preventive measures. For this, we consider a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of cholera and its preventive measure as one cohort of individuals, namely, a protected cohort in addition to susceptible, infected, and recovered cohorts of individuals including the concentration of Vibrio cholerae in the contaminated aquatic reservoir with small modifications. We calculate the basic reproduction number, ℛ0, and investigate the existence and stability of equilibria. The model possessed forward bifurcation. Moreover, we compute the sensitivity indices of each parameter in relating to ℛ0 of the model. Numerical simulations are carried out to validate our theoretical results. The result indicates that the disease dies out in areas with adequate preventive measures and widespread and kills more people in areas with the inadequate preventive measures.

RESEARCH: Dry Heat Processing of Single-Use Respirators and Surgical Masks

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 410-416
Author(s):  
Joyce M. Hansen ◽  
Scott Weiss ◽  
Terra A. Kremer ◽  
Myrelis Aguilar ◽  
Gerald McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Single Use

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has challenged healthcare providers in maintaining the supply of critical personal protective equipment, including single-use respirators and surgical masks. Single-use respirators and surgical masks can reduce risks from the inhalation of airborne particles and microbial contamination. The recent high-volume demand for single-use respirators and surgical masks has resulted in many healthcare facilities considering processing to address critical shortages. The dry heat process of 80°C (176°F) for two hours (120 min) has been confirmed to be an appropriate method for single-use respirator and surgical mask processing.

Possible preventive measures against the spread of COVID-19- A Review article

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 475-481
Author(s):  
Jotheeswari P ◽  
Yuvaraj M ◽  
Balaji K ◽  
Gunapriya Raghunath ◽  
Kumaresan M
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Precautionary Measure ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
The World ◽  
Base Of Support ◽  
A Current ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

COVID-19 is a current sensational and dangerous threat that affects millions of people across the world. As the day progresses the rate of growth of COVID-19 drastically increases. No vaccine or specific antiviral drug are active against corona, therefore, preventing the exposure to the virus is the base of support against its spread across the world. Despite the implementation of preventive measures, the rate of virus-infected cases progressively increases which stimulates our thought process to raise a question, whether the preventive measures that we follow are effective against the spread of COVID-19 infection. Evidence from previous literature obtained from various online tools implies multiple preventive measures that should be followed and also illustrates their mechanism of action against the active spread of COVID-19 infection. According to the results from the evidence, we can identify the gold standard preventive measure among the described preventive measures. The precautionary measure encompasses both pharmaceutical interventions and non- pharmaceutical interventions among which non-pharmaceutical measures are superior in the prevention of the developing pandemic. Among the non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing is the paramount to other measures in the mitigation of the spread of viral infection.

Features of the election of such preventive measure as house arrest in relation to minors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Manohina
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
A Minor

In the article, the author turns to the study of the peculiarities of choosing such a preventive measure as house arrest for minors. Due to the fact that the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation does not precisely define cases when a court must elect a house arrest in relation to minors, in practice there are often difficulties in which cases to choose such a preventive measure as detention, and in which house arrest. In the work, the author attempts to determine the essence of such a preventive measure as house arrest and the peculiarities of his election in relation to minors, and also considers the prohibitions and (or) restrictions to which minors cannot be subjected. The positions contained in the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court “On the practice of the application by the courts of legislation on preventive measures in the form of detention, house arrest and bail” are analyzed. The author expresses the opinion that it is inadvisable to choose such a preventive measure as house arrest for minors. Based on the study, the author makes recommendations on the possibility, at the discretion of the court, to make adjustments to the prohibitions and (or) restrictions to which a minor suspect or accused will be subjected to whom such a preventive measure as house arrest is chosen.

scholarly journals Relation between Prevention to Trauma and Family Income on Infant Population of Curitiba, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Fernando Gioppo Blauth ◽  
Allysson Calixto ◽  
Amanda Damazio ◽  
Marino Miloca Rodrigues ◽  
Claudio Jose Beltrão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Great Effectiveness ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Background Trauma prevention made in the childhood presents great effectiveness for it is in this age that habits and values of safety and citizenship are created. This research intends to analyze which preventive measures are more frequently adopted by the parents of 0 to 12-year-old children and find the relation between prevention and family income. Study design For data collection we handed questionnaires to the parents of children studying in public and private schools in Curitiba-PR, Brasil. The information obtained was analyzed by the programs Epi Info® and Excel®. Results A total of 609 questionnaires were analyzed 291 children (47.8%) were female and 318 (52.2%) were male. From the total, 604 (99.2%) declared to take at least one preventive measure. The most common measures were: 'leaving the handle of the pan inward the stove' with 562 (92.28%), 'wearing seat belt' with 560 (91.95%) and 'leaving medicines and chemical products out of reach' with 541 (88.83%). The parents marked on the questionnaires which measures they adopted with their children out of a list with eight examples. Families with the income of 1 minimum wage (MW) had an average of 2.92 marked options; with the income of 1 to 3 MWs an average of 3.6; 3 to 6 MWs an average of 4.73; 6 to 10 MWs average of 4.91 and above 10 MWs average of 5.31. Discussion Even though most of the families used at least one kind of preventive measure with their children, the family income has marked influence on the amount and type of adopted measures. How to cite this article Blauth FG, Calixto A, Damazio A, Rodrigues MM, Beltrão CJ, Bahten LCV. Relation between Prevention to Trauma and Family Income on Infant Population of Curitiba, Brazil. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(2):106-109.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN MODEL EPIDEMIK SIRA UNTUK PENYEBARAN VIRUS PADA JARINGAN KOMPUTER

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Panca Putra Pemungkas ◽  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Sunarsih Sunarsih
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Epidemic Model ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Spread Analysis

This paper is addressed to discuss the development of epidemic model of SIRA (Susceptible-Infected-Removed-Antidotal) for virus spread analysis purposes on a computer network. We have developed the existing model by adding a possibility of antidotal computer returned to susceptible computer. Based on the results, there are two virus-free equilibrium points and one endemic equilibrium point. These equilibrium points were analyzed for stability issues using basic reproduction number and Routh-Hurwitz Method.

scholarly journals House Arrest as a Preventive Measure in Accordance with the New Criminal Procedure Code

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Silviu Jîrlăianu
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
Community Law ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Romania's participation in European Community imposed realities of our country harmonization of national legislation in relation to Community law. Such national legislation, in terms of criminal procedure were introduced through preventive measures, house arrest, judicial and Judicial control on bail. In relation to the same European context, Romanian police set up surveillance units of judicial duties in order to enforce these measures.

scholarly journals Pros and Cons of Plastic during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Recycling ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Fabiula Danielli Bastos de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Critical Overview

Since the beginning of the first cases of the new coronavirus, opinions and laws on the use of plastic materials have been questioned around the world. Their importance in the manufacture of hospital devices and personal protective equipment (PPE) is unquestionable, as they contribute largely to the reduction of the virus spread, helping health systems from all edges of the world and, most importantly, saving lives. However, the same material that is a protector, becomes a polluter when inadequately disposed of in the environment, generating or worsening socio-environmental problems, such as pollution of water bodies by plastic. A critical overview of the role of plastic during the COVID-19 pandemic is provided in this paper. A future panorama is attempted to be outlined. The real possibility of the virus spread from the use of plastic is discussed, as well as the recycling of plastic during the pandemic, correlating its use with problems that it may cause.

scholarly journals Assessment of the possibility of surgical masks re-use after a sterilization process in the pandemic condition of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110428
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Zimniewska ◽  
Henryk Witmanowski ◽  
Anna Kicinska-Jakubowska ◽  
Arkadiusz Jundzill ◽  
Edyta Kwiatkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Permeability ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Steam Sterilization ◽  
Plasma Sterilization ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Cover Ratio ◽  
Mechanical Ability ◽  
Sterilization Process

The aim of this study was to explore the possibility to re-use disposable masks in order to prevent excessive waste generation during the pandemic period. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused rapidly increasing waste production resulting from the necessity of common usage of disposable personal protective equipment. This research covers the evaluation of the structure of surgical masks subjected to a threefold steam, gas or plasma sterilization process in order to verify the possibility of their re-use. The results of the study showed that gas sterilization even after three cycles did not cause significant changes in mask structure or air permeability. Hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization caused significant changes in the structure of layer A after the third cycle of sterilization; nonetheless, it did not influence the air permeability of the mask. A significant reduction in the cover ratio of layers composing surgical masks causes an increase of air permeability in the case of steam sterilization, leading to a reduction of the mechanical ability to prevent the penetration of microorganisms. The reduction in cover ratio limits the filtration efficiency. Surgical masks subjected to threefold gas sterilization can be recommended for re-use. This allows one to use the mask thrice, ensuring safety for users and limiting the mask-waste production to one-third of the volume compared with when the mask is used once. The volume of mask-waste can be reduced with the application of the sterilization process for used masks during the pandemic period. Currently, it is not possible to sterilize all one-use masks, but implementation of this method in hospitals and medical centers is a step in the pro-environmental direction.

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