Arene diversification through distal C(sp2)−H functionalization

Transition metal–catalyzed aryl C−H activation is a powerful synthetic tool as it offers step and atom-economical routes to site-selective functionalization. Compared with proximal ortho-C−H activation, distal (meta- and/or para-) C−H activation remains more challenging due to the inaccessibility of these sites in the formation of energetically favorable organometallic pretransition states. Directing the catalyst toward the distal C−H bonds requires judicious template engineering and catalyst design, as well as prudent choice of ligands. This review aims to summarize the recent elegant discoveries exploiting directing group assistance, transient mediators or traceless directors, noncovalent interactions, and catalyst and/or ligand selection to control distal C−H activation.