Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6551) ◽  
pp. eabd0336
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal ◽  
Cristiano Ciuti ◽  
Thomas W. Ebbesen
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Optical Resonator ◽  
Vacuum Field ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vacuum Fields ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the ability of hybrid light-matter states to control the properties of matter and chemical reactivity. Such hybrid states can be generated by simply placing a material in the spatially confined electromagnetic field of an optical resonator, such as that provided by two parallel mirrors. This occurs even in the dark because it is electromagnetic fluctuations of the cavity (the vacuum field) that strongly couple with the material. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the mere presence of these hybrid states can enhance properties such as transport, magnetism, and superconductivity and modify (bio)chemical reactivity. This emerging field is highly multidisciplinary, and much of its potential has yet to be explored.

Strong coupling: resonant effects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Kavokin ◽  
Jeremy J. Baumberg ◽  
Guillaume Malpuech ◽  
Fabrice P. Laussy
Keyword(s):  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Strong Coupling Regime ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Stimulated Scattering ◽  
Quantum Theories ◽  
Pump Probe ◽  
Exciton Polaritons ◽  
Linear Optical Properties ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

This chapter presents experimental studies performed on planar semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime. The first section reviews linear experiments performed in the 1990s that evidence the linear optical properties of cavity exciton-polaritons. The chapter is then focused on experimental and theoretical studies of resonantly excited microcavity emission. We mainly describe experimental configuations in which stimulated scattering was observed due to formation of a dynamical condensate of polaritons. Pump-probe and cw experiments are described in addition. Dressing of the polariton dispersion and bistability of the polariton system due to inter-condensate interactions are discussed. The semiclassical and the quantum theories of these effects are presented and their results analysed. The potential for realization of devices is also discussed.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Impaction Pin Fog Nozzle Behavior

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evaporation Dynamics ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted on impaction pin fog nozzles. It covers the important area of the fog plume pattern of impaction pin nozzles and examines fog-plume uniformity. The subject of sprinkle (large droplet formation) from the nozzles is also examined in detail and is shown to be nonsignificant. The effect, on evaporation rate, of ambient climatic conditions and the location of the fog nozzle with respect to the gas turbine inlet duct has been analytically and experimentally analyzed. An analytical model is used to study the evaporation dynamics of fog droplets injected in the inlet ducts. The model is validated experimentally in a wind tunnel.

The Swelling Behavior of Organoclays

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 2239-2243
Author(s):  
Qing Hua Zeng ◽  
Donald R. Paul ◽  
Ai Bing Yu ◽  
Gao Qing Max Lu
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Natural clay minerals are ideal nanofillers for polymer materials and have been attracted tremendous research and development interests in the past decade. The manufacture of clay nanofillers relies largely on the exfoliation of clay particle into individual clay platelets. Thus, understanding the interlayer swelling of clay minerals upon the adsorption of surfactants is important to the fabrication and design of polymer nanocomposites. This paper reports our recent experimental and theoretical studies on a variety of organoclays that show a linear relationship between the increase of d-spacing and the mass ratio between organic and clay.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Experimental and Analytical Investigations on Impaction Pin Fog Nozzle Behavior

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evaporation Dynamics ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted on impaction pin fog nozzles. It covers the important area of the fog plume pattern of impaction pin nozzles and examines fogplume uniformity. The subject of sprinkle (large droplet formation) from the nozzles is also examined in detail and is shown to be nonsignificant. The effect, on evaporation rate, of ambient climatic conditions and the location of the fog nozzle with respect to the gas turbine inlet duct has been analytically and experimentally analyzed. An Analytical model is used to study the evaporation dynamics of fog droplets injected in the inlet ducts the model is validated experimentally in a wind tunnel.

scholarly journals Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C–H insertion reactions of vinyl cations

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6400) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stasik Popov ◽  
Brian Shao ◽  
Alex L. Bagdasarian ◽  
Tyler R. Benton ◽  
Luyi Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Insertion Reactions ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
The Past ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Transition Structures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Vinyl carbocations have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies over the past five decades. Despite this long history in chemistry, the utility of vinyl cations in chemical synthesis has been limited, with most reactivity studies focusing on solvolysis reactions or intramolecular processes. Here we report synthetic and mechanistic studies of vinyl cations generated through silylium–weakly coordinating anion catalysis. We find that these reactive intermediates undergo mild intermolecular carbon-carbon bond–forming reactions, including carbon-hydrogen (C–H) insertion into unactivated sp3 C–H bonds and reductive Friedel-Crafts reactions with arenes. Moreover, we conducted computational studies of these alkane C–H functionalization reactions and discovered that they proceed through nonclassical, ambimodal transition structures. This reaction manifold provides a framework for the catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons using simple ketone derivatives.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines: Part A — Fog Droplet Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Practical Considerations

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part A of the paper covers the underlying theory of droplet thermodynamics and heat transfer, and provides several practical pointers relating to the implementation and application of inlet fogging to gas turbine engines.

scholarly journals Tilting a Ground State Reactivity Landscape by Vibrational Strong Coupling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoop Thomas ◽  
Lucas Lethuillier-Karl ◽  
Kalaivanan Nagarajan ◽  
Robrecht M. A. Vergauwe ◽  
Jino George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Coupling ◽  
Activation Barrier ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Optical Cavity ◽  
Vacuum Field ◽  
Activation Entropy ◽  
Cleavage Sites ◽  
Site Selectivity ◽  
First Time

Site-selectivity is fundamental for steering chemical reactivity towards a given product and various efficient chemical methods have been developed for this purpose. Here we explore a very different approach by using vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between a reactant and the vacuum field of a microfluidic optical cavity. For this purpose, the reactivity of a compound bearing two possible silyl bond cleavage sites, at Si-C and Si-O, was studied as a function of VSC of its various vibrational modes in the dark. The results show that VSC can indeed tilt the reactivity landscape to favor one product over the other. Thermodynamic parameters reveal the presence of a large activation barrier and significant changes to the activation entropy, confirming the modified chemical landscape under strong coupling. This study shows for the first time that VSC can impart site-selectivity for chemical reactions without the need for chemical intervention.

Inlet Fogging of Gas Turbine Engines—Part I: Fog Droplet Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Practical Considerations

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha Chaker ◽  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji ◽  
Thomas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Size Measurement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The inlet fogging of gas turbine engines for power augmentation has seen increasing application over the past decade yet not a single technical paper treating the physics and engineering of the fogging process, droplet size measurement, droplet kinetics, or the duct behavior of droplets, from a gas turbine perspective, is available. This paper provides the results of extensive experimental and theoretical studies conducted over several years coupled with practical aspects learned in the implementation of nearly 500 inlet fogging systems on gas turbines ranging in power from 5 to 250 MW. Part I of the paper covers the underlying theory of droplet thermodynamics and heat transfer, and provides several practical pointers relating to the implementation and application of inlet fogging to gas turbine engines.

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