The exploitative segregation of plant roots

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 370 (6521) ◽  
pp. 1197-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Cabal ◽  
Ricardo Martínez-García ◽  
Aurora de Castro Aguilar ◽  
Fernando Valladares ◽  
Stephen W. Pacala
Keyword(s):  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Vegetation Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Yield ◽  
Consumer Resource

Plant roots determine carbon uptake, survivorship, and agricultural yield and represent a large proportion of the world’s vegetation carbon pool. Study of belowground competition, unlike aboveground shoot competition, is hampered by our inability to observe roots. We developed a consumer-resource model based in game theory that predicts the root density spatial distribution of individual plants and tested the model predictions in a greenhouse experiment. Plants in the experiment reacted to neighbors as predicted by the model’s evolutionary stable equilibrium, by both overinvesting in nearby roots and reducing their root foraging range. We thereby provide a theoretical foundation for belowground allocation of carbon by vegetation that reconciles seemingly contradictory experimental results such as root segregation and the tragedy of the commons in plant roots.

A Theoretical Foundation for Empathy Conservation: Toward Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 243-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Lynne ◽  
Natalia V. Czap ◽  
Hans J. Czap ◽  
Mark E. Burbach
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
The Commons

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model for Instability in Snow Gliding Motion

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Nohguchi
Keyword(s):  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Steady Motion ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Infinite Slope ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Time Dependent Behaviour ◽  
Dependent Behaviour ◽  
Snow Gliding

In this paper a fundamental model is proposed to describe the time-dependent behaviour of uniform snow glide on an infinite slope. This model is composed both of a mechanical balance equation relating a driving force and a resistant force, and of a rate equation for a real contact area at the boundary. In the model, a steady motion of glide is described as a stable equilibrium of glide motion, and a non-steady motion is considered as a transient one not in equilibrium. Finally, the model is applied to a full-depth avalanche release caused by acceleration of snow glide. By comparing the model predictions with glide-velocity field data, a proper model of acceleration prior to full-depth avalanche release is determined. As a result, we can obtain the safety standards to be applied in the event of full-depth avalanches in terms of a glide velocity.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model for Instability in Snow Gliding Motion

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Nohguchi
Keyword(s):  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Steady Motion ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Infinite Slope ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Time Dependent Behaviour ◽  
Dependent Behaviour ◽  
Snow Gliding

In this paper a fundamental model is proposed to describe the time-dependent behaviour of uniform snow glide on an infinite slope. This model is composed both of a mechanical balance equation relating a driving force and a resistant force, and of a rate equation for a real contact area at the boundary. In the model, a steady motion of glide is described as a stable equilibrium of glide motion, and a non-steady motion is considered as a transient one not in equilibrium. Finally, the model is applied to a full-depth avalanche release caused by acceleration of snow glide. By comparing the model predictions with glide-velocity field data, a proper model of acceleration prior to full-depth avalanche release is determined. As a result, we can obtain the safety standards to be applied in the event of full-depth avalanches in terms of a glide velocity.

scholarly journals The Commons, the Common Good and Extraterritoriality: Seeking Sustainable Global Justice through Corporate Responsibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9475
Author(s):  
Shuangge Wen ◽  
Jingchen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Commons ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

Despite their laudable intent, extraterritorial legal initiatives to promote corporate sustainability development have not been well received in practice, and are often seen as a window-dressing exercise. This article aims to conduct a conceptual and doctrinal analysis, offering a theoretical foundation that interprets corporate extraterritorial legislative attempts as legitimate in the context of globalisation, using the lens of “the commons” and “the common good”. We try to link the values and dimensions of “the commons” to the goals of corporate extraterritorial legislation, so that lawmaking attempts with extraterritorial reach will gain additional foundational support and achieve more effective and better controlled compliance. In particular, the article makes an original attempt to justify and develop a new notion, namely “the extraterritorial commons”. This notion is in harmony with, rather than contradicting, progressive legal attempts to address the mismatching and conflicting nature of the relationship between the traditional voluntarism of corporate extraterritorial responsibilities, particularly in relation to sustainability issues, and global trends towards more regulation in this area.

Microtwinning Evidence For The Apparent Five-Fold Symmetry in T2(Al6Li3Cu)

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Vecchio ◽  
David B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Phase ◽  
Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ◽  
Icosahedral Structure ◽  
Cubic Crystals ◽  
Icosahedral Phases ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Zero Layer ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Zr Alloy

Since the discovery in 1984 by Shechtman et al. of crystals which display apparent five-fold symmetry, extensive effort has been given to establishing a theoretical basis for the existence of icosahedral phases (eg.2.). Several other investigations have been centered on explaining these observations based on twinning of cubic crystals (eg.3.). Recently, the existence of a stable, equilibrium phase T2Al6 Li3Cu) possessing an icosahedral structure has been reported in the Al-Li-Cu system(4-6).In the present study an Al-2.6wt.%Li-l.5wt.%Cu-0.lwt.%Zr alloy was heat treated at 300°C for 100hrs. to produce large T2 precipitates. Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) patterns were obtained from two-fold, three-fold, and apparent five-fold axes of T2 particles. Figure 1 shows the five-fold symmetric zero layer CBED pattern obtained from T2 particles.

"Once? No. Twenty times? Sure!" Repeated decisions and uncertainty in the tragedy of the commons

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Hardisty ◽  
Howard Kunreuther ◽  
David H. Krantz ◽  
Poonam Arora
Keyword(s):  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
The Commons
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