scholarly journals Human fetal microglia acquire homeostatic immune-sensing properties early in development

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6503) ◽  
pp. 530-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kracht ◽  
M. Borggrewe ◽  
S. Eskandar ◽  
N. Brouwer ◽  
S. M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Sensing ◽  
Cell Gene ◽  
Human Fetal Development

Microglia, immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are important for tissue development and maintenance and are implicated in CNS disease, but we lack understanding of human fetal microglia development. Single-cell gene expression and bulk chromatin profiles of microglia at 9 to 18 gestational weeks (GWs) of human fetal development were generated. Microglia were heterogeneous at all studied GWs. Microglia start to mature during this developmental period and increasingly resemble adult microglia with CNS-surveilling properties. Chromatin accessibility increases during development with associated transcriptional networks reflective of adult microglia. Thus, during early fetal development, microglia progress toward a more mature, immune-sensing competent phenotype, and this might render the developing human CNS vulnerable to environmental perturbations during early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Characterization of transcriptional networks in blood stem and progenitor cells using high-throughput single-cell gene expression analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Moignard ◽  
Iain C. Macaulay ◽  
Gemma Swiers ◽  
Florian Buettner ◽  
Judith Schütte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Stem And Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Gene

scholarly journals Regenerative neurogenic response from glia requires insulin driven neuron-glia communication

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neale J Harrison ◽  
Elizabeth Connolly ◽  
Alicia Gascón Gubieda ◽  
Zidan Yang ◽  
Benjamin Altenhein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Cell Gene Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Induced Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Islet Antigen ◽  
Cell Gene ◽  
Stem Cell Gene

Understanding how injury to the Central Nervous System (CNS) induces de novo neurogenesis in animals would help promote regeneration in humans. Regenerative neurogenesis could originate from glia and glial Neuron-Glia antigen-2 (NG2) may sense injury-induced neuronal signals, but these are unknown. Here, we used Drosophila to search for genes functionally related the NG2 homologue kon-tiki (kon), and identified Islet Antigen-2 (Ia-2), required in neurons for insulin secretion. Alterations in Ia-2 function induced neural stem cell gene expression, injury increased ia-2 expression and induced ectopic neural stem cells. Using genetic analysis and lineage tracing, we demonstrate that Ia-2 and Kon regulate Drosophila insulin-like peptide 6 (Dilp-6), to induce glial proliferation and neural stem cells from glia. Ectopic neural stem cells can divide, and limited de novo neurogenesis could be traced back to glial cells. Altogether, Ia-2 and Dilp-6 drive a neuron-glia relay that restores glia, and reprograms glia into neural stem cells for regeneration.

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