Top stories: ‘Extreme male brain’ does not cause autism, a lost Maya city, and disappearing sharks

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Male Brain

scholarly journals Profil Gaya Kognitif Empathizing-Systemizing pada Anak Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Adelia Kesumaningsari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autism Spectrum Condition ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Features ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Spectrum Condition

Abstract—The present study examined Empathizing-Systemizing Theory (E-S Theory) in Indonesian Children. E-S Theory has known as a theory that is attempted to explain the cluster of both the social and non-social features in autism spectrum conditions. Children’s version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) were administered to 372 Indonesia parents who had typically developed children aged 4-11 years old (boys = 182, girls = 190). The results showed that the girls scored higher that boys on EQ-C . In the case of SQ-C, there were no differences between boys and girls. However, the proportion of cognitive style shows clear individual differences between boys and girls. The proportion of participants with empathizing dominant cognitive sytle was shown higher by girls than boys, which distributed to E and Extreme E brain types, while the proportion of systemizing dominant cognitive styles is higher in boys whom brain types spread across the Type S and Extreme S categories. This study explaining inherited biological factors of autism and  underscore the vulnerability among  boys to develop autism spectrum condition if compared to girls. Keywords: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, sex, Systemizing Quotient (SQ)   Abstrak—Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji teori Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S Theory) pada konteks anak Indonesia. E-S Theory dikenal sebagai sebuah teori yang digunakan untuk melihat gugus fitur sosial dan non-sosial kondisi spektrum autisme. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 372 orang tua Indonesia dengan anak berusia 4-11 tahun (anak laki-laki = 182, perempuan = 190), M usia = 7 Tahun, SD= 2.423 yang diminta untuk mengisi skala Empathizing Quotient (EQ) dan Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa tingkat empati anak perempuan lebih tinggi daripada tingkat empati anak laki-laki. Dalam hal mensistemasi tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan kemampuan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, proporsi gaya kognitif menunjukkan adanya perbedaan individual yang signifikan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Gaya kognitif dominan berempati lebih tinggi pada anak perempuan, yang tersebar pada kategori tipe otak E dan Ekstrim E, sedangkan proporsi gaya kognitif mensistemasi lebih tinggi pada anak laki-laki dengan tipe otak yang tersebar pada kategori Tipe S dan Ekstrim S.  Hasil penelitian ini memberikan bukti adanya faktor biologis bawaan dari autism ditinjau dari jenis kelamin dan menunjukkan kerentanan bawaan anak laki-laki terhadap kondisi autism jika dibandingkan dengan anak perempuan. Kata kunci: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, jenis kelamin, Systemizing Quotient (SQ)

scholarly journals "The Extreme Male Brain?" Incrementum and the Rhetorical Gendering of Autism

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordynn Jack
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
And Gender

<p>The rhetorical figure of the <em>incrementum</em>, or scale<em>, </em>can help to account for how autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been gendered as male, especially in Simon Baron-Cohen&rsquo;s "Extreme Male Brain" theory. The <em>incrementum</em> occurs when female, male, and autistic brains are placed along a scale according to systemizing and empathizing abilities. This double hierarchy reinforces popular beliefs about sex and gender, drawing on the cultural resources of hi-tech culture, the service economy, and geekiness. In so doing, these theories overlook other important aspects of ASD, including alternative theories, the presence of autistic women and girls, and the needs and interests of autistic people themselves.</p>

Testing the Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Familial Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Hauth ◽  
Yvette G. E. de Bruijn ◽  
Wouter Staal ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Nanda N. Rommelse
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
Extreme Male Brain Theory

scholarly journals Autistic traits, empathizing-systemizing, and gender variance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Hendriks ◽  
Yimeng Wei ◽  
Varun Warrier ◽  
Gareth Richards
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Gender Variance ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Extreme Male Brain Theory

Previous research indicates a link between autism and gender variance, though the basis for this association is not fully understood. The current study examined autistic traits (as measured by the Autism Spectrum Quotient [AQ]) and empathizing and systemizing (as measured by the Empathizing Quotient-Short [EQ-S] and Systemizing Quotient-Short [SQ-S]) in a sample of n=89 UK adults representing a broad range of gender identities and sexual orientations. Compared with cisgender individuals (i.e. those who identify as the same gender as that assigned at birth), gender variant participants had significantly higher AQ and SQ-S scores, and stronger systemizing relative to empathizing (D-score). Further analysis revealed that there were significant differences between cisgender females and those assigned female at birth who do not identify as female (transgender AFAB), but not between cisgender males and those assigned male at birth who do not identify as male (transgender AMAB). These findings are broadly in line with the extreme male brain theory of autism, and may be relevant for developing effective support for gender variant and/or autistic individuals.

scholarly journals Studio multifattoriale sulle strategie riabilitative per i disturbi dello spettro autistico a funzionamento limitato

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranieri Maria Tafuri
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Male Brain

Il presente studio intende fornire una brachilogica cornice comparativa riguardo alle più impiegate tecniche riabilitative per le sindromi autistiche, con particolare riferimento ai soggetti con funzionamento limitato. Si propone una visione multifattoriale in chiave prognostica, all’interno dell’orizzonte interpretativo tracciato dallo psicopatologo inglese Baron-Cohen della mente autistica intesa come extreme male brain. Il paradigma del continuum neurobiologico-psicopatologico consente, infatti, da una parte di abbracciare in guisa convergente molteplici macrostatistiche epidemiologiche concernenti i disturbi autistici, dall’altra di sviscerare pregi e criticità di ciascuno degli approcci terapeutici, i cui risultati vengono documentati nel corpo del presente articolo tramite riferimenti a pubblicazioni mediche e ricerche scaturite dall’analisi della letteratura clinica sull’argomento. Si giungerà, quindi, all’acquisizione di un paradigma riabilitativo polifunzionale e multi-prospettico, nel quale i punti di forza di ciascuna tecnica presuppongono un’integrazione che sia al contempo reciproca e flessibile, e che si ponga l’obiettivo di scorgere nella mente autistica una particolare configurazione neurologica degna di varcare l’inveterata e dicotomica demarcazione convenzionalmente professata in ambito psichiatrico tra le categorie del fisiologico e del patologico, nonché in grado di riconoscere alle terapie uno statuto dinamico-personalizzante ancorché semplicisticamente medicalizzante.

scholarly journals Testing the Empathizing–Systemizing theory of sex differences and the Extreme Male Brain theory of autism in half a million people

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12152-12157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Greenberg ◽  
Varun Warrier ◽  
Carrie Allison ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Extreme Type ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

The Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) theory of typical sex differences suggests that individuals may be classified based on empathy and systemizing. An extension of the E-S theory, the Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory suggests that autistic people on average have a shift towards a more masculinized brain along the E-S dimensions. Both theories have been investigated in small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. Here we leverage two large datasets (discovery n = 671,606, including 36,648 autistic individuals primarily; and validation n = 14,354, including 226 autistic individuals) to investigate 10 predictions of the E-S and the EMB theories. In the discovery dataset, typical females on average showed higher scores on short forms of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ), and typical males on average showed higher scores on short forms of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Typical sex differences in these measures were attenuated in autistic individuals. Analysis of “brain types” revealed that typical females on average were more likely to be Type E (EQ > SQ) or Extreme Type E and that typical males on average were more likely to be Type S (SQ > EQ) or Extreme Type S. In both datasets, autistic individuals, regardless of their reported sex, on average were “masculinized.” Finally, we demonstrate that D-scores (difference between EQ and SQ) account for 19 times more of the variance in autistic traits (43%) than do other demographic variables including sex. Our results provide robust evidence in support of both the E-S and EMB theories.

scholarly journals Perceived Gender Ratings for High and Low Scorers on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Consistent with the Extreme Male Brain Account of Autism

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0131780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Weiting Tan ◽  
Suzanna N. Russell-Smith ◽  
Jessica M. Simons ◽  
Murray T. Maybery ◽  
Doris Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Extreme Male Brain

scholarly journals Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Erin Y Liu ◽  
Anne TM Konkle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Impairment ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Analytical Skills ◽  
Extreme Type ◽  
Extreme Male Brain ◽  
Better Than

Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are a category of neurodevelopmental disorders with symptoms of communication and social impairment, and the exhibition of restrictive and repetitive behaviours. Their occurrence is greater in males than females and this sex difference has played an important part in hypothesizing their etiology. The Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory is a cognitive model proposed by Simon Baron-Cohen to explain the aforementioned sex differences and potential cause of ASCs. It is based upon his Empathizing Systemizing theory, which classifies individuals into one of five cognitive profiles (Type S, Type E, Type B, Extreme Type S and Extreme Type E). These cognitive profiles determine an individual’s ability to systemize and empathize. Systemizing is the ability to understand and derive the rules of a system, and requires deductive and analytical skills. Empathizing relates to understanding human emotion and behaviour, thus requires social and communication skills. Males tend to systemize better than empathize while females have an opposite profile. Based upon the EMB theory, autistic individuals would possess an Extreme Type S profile as their impairments in social communication can be explained by a deficit in empathizing, while their preoccupation with patterns and detail-oriented behaviour can be related to their high systemizing. Together, these cognitive models have resulted in the Foetal Testosterone (fT) Theory, which implicates high prenatal testosterone as a risk factor for the associated hypermasculinized cognitive profile of individuals with ASCs. This review paper assesses the validity of the EMB and fT theories by reviewing the literature relating fT with autistic traits in the general population. The seven studies confirmed a correlation between higher fT levels and an increase in autistic traits, but limitations need to be considered when generalizing this information to an ASC sample. 

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