scholarly journals Cellular RNA surveillance in health and disease

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6467) ◽  
pp. 822-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Wolin ◽  
Lynne E. Maquat
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Rna Surveillance ◽  
Health And Disease

The numerous quality control pathways that target defective ribonucleic acids (RNAs) for degradation play key roles in shaping mammalian transcriptomes and preventing disease. These pathways monitor most steps in the biogenesis of both noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and protein-coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs), degrading ncRNAs that fail to form functional complexes with one or more proteins and eliminating mRNAs that encode abnormal, potentially toxic proteins. Mutations in components of diverse RNA surveillance pathways manifest as disease. Some mutations are characterized by increased interferon production, suggesting that a major role of these pathways is to prevent aberrant cellular RNAs from being recognized as “non-self.” Other mutations are common in cancer, or result in developmental defects, revealing the importance of RNA surveillance to cell and organismal function.

The Role of MicroRNA and LncRNA–MicroRNA Interactions in Regulating Ischemic Heart Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Murugavel Ponnusamy ◽  
Meng-peng Li ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Pei-Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy

Approximately 2% of the human genome consists of protein-coding regions. Therefore, the majority of transcripts are noncoding RNAs, such as microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In ischemic heart disease, the majority of miRNAs are repressors or destabilizers of target messenger RNAs. The lncRNAs are a second class of noncoding RNAs that have recently gained attention for their roles in heart disease and in regulating the functions of miRNA. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNA in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. In addition, we discuss the functional interactions of miRNA and lncRNA and its impact on these ischemic heart diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of lncRNA in the Development of Tumors, Including Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8427
Author(s):  
Beata Smolarz ◽  
Anna Zadrożna-Nowak ◽  
Hanna Romanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. The present article presents a detailed review of the latest reports and data regarding the importance of lncRNA in the development of cancers, including breast carcinoma.

Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej T. Wierzbicki ◽  
Todd Blevins ◽  
Szymon Swiezewski
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Coding Potential

Plants have an extraordinary diversity of transcription machineries, including five nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Four of these enzymes are dedicated to the production of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are ribonucleic acids with functions independent of their protein-coding potential. lncRNAs display a broad range of lengths and structures, but they are distinct from the small RNA guides of RNA interference (RNAi) pathways. lncRNAs frequently serve as structural, catalytic, or regulatory molecules for gene expression. They can affect all elements of genes, including promoters, untranslated regions, exons, introns, and terminators, controlling gene expression at various levels, including modifying chromatin accessibility, transcription, splicing, and translation. Certain lncRNAs protect genome integrity, while others respond to environmental cues like temperature, drought, nutrients, and pathogens. In this review, we explain the challenge of defining lncRNAs, introduce the machineries responsible for their production, and organize this knowledge by viewing the functions of lncRNAs throughout the structure of a typical plant gene. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The emerging role of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Wei ◽  
Xingwu Wang ◽  
Liyan Lv ◽  
Jibing Liu ◽  
Huaixin Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Multiple Tumor ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the second most lethal human cancer. A portion of patients with advanced HCC can significantly benefit from treatments with sorafenib, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and platinum drugs. However, most HCC patients eventually develop drug resistance, resulting in a poor prognosis. The mechanisms involved in HCC drug resistance are complex and inconclusive. Human transcripts without protein-coding potential are known as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNA (circRNA). Accumulated evidences demonstrate that several deregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs are important regulators in the development of HCC drug resistance which elucidates their potential clinical implications. In this review, we summarized the detailed mechanisms by which miRNAs and lncRNAs affect HCC drug resistance. Multiple tumor-specific miRNAs and lncRNAs may serve as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for HCC.

Role of autophagy in cancer prevention, development and therapy

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vignir Helgason ◽  
Tessa L. Holyoake ◽  
Kevin M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Made In

Autophagy is a process that takes place in all mammalian cells and ensures homoeostasis and quality control. The term autophagy [self (auto)-eating (phagy)] was first introduced in 1963 by Christian de Duve, who discovered the involvement of lysosomes in the autophagy process. Since then, substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism and signalling regulation of autophagy and several reviews have been published that comprehensively summarize these findings. The role of autophagy in cancer has received a lot of attention in the last few years and autophagy modulators are now being tested in several clinical trials. In the present chapter we aim to give a brief overview of recent findings regarding the mechanism and key regulators of autophagy and discuss the important physiological role of mammalian autophagy in health and disease. Particular focus is given to the role of autophagy in cancer prevention, development and in response to anticancer therapy. In this regard, we also give an updated list and discuss current clinical trials that aim to modulate autophagy, alone or in combination with radio-, chemo- or targeted therapy, for enhanced anticancer intervention.

scholarly journals Molecular Crosstalking among Noncoding RNAs: A New Network Layer of Genome Regulation in Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Ragusa ◽  
Cristina Barbagallo ◽  
Duilia Brex ◽  
Angela Caponnetto ◽  
Matilde Cirnigliaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

Over the past few years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been extensively studied because of the significant biological roles that they play in regulation of cellular mechanisms. ncRNAs are associated to higher eukaryotes complexity; accordingly, their dysfunction results in pathological phenotypes, including cancer. To date, most research efforts have been mainly focused on how ncRNAs could modulate the expression of protein-coding genes in pathological phenotypes. However, recent evidence has shown the existence of an unexpected interplay among ncRNAs that strongly influences cancer development and progression. ncRNAs can interact with and regulate each other through various molecular mechanisms generating a complex network including different species of RNAs (e.g., mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs). Such a hidden network of RNA-RNA competitive interactions pervades and modulates the physiological functioning of canonical protein-coding pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation, and metastasis in cancer. Moreover, the pivotal role of ncRNAs as keystones of network structural integrity makes them very attractive and promising targets for innovative RNA-based therapeutics. In this review we will discuss: (1) the current knowledge on complex crosstalk among ncRNAs, with a special focus on cancer; and (2) the main issues and criticisms concerning ncRNAs targeting in therapeutics.

scholarly journals LINC01106 post-transcriptionally regulates ELK3 and HOXD8 to promote bladder cancer progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Meng ◽  
Zhaoquan Xing ◽  
Zhaoxin Guo ◽  
Zhaoxu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Urogenital Malignancy

AbstractBladder cancer (BCa) is a kind of common urogenital malignancy worldwide. Emerging evidence indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the progression of BCa. In this study, we discovered a novel lncRNA LINC01116 whose expression increased with stages in BCa patients and closely related to the survival rate of BCa patients. However, the molecular mechanism dictating the role of LINC01116 in BCa has not been well elucidated so far. In our study, we detected that the expression of LINC01116 was boosted in BCa cells. Moreover, the results of a series of functional assays showed that LINC01116 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BCa cells. Thereafter, GEPIA indicated the closest correlation of LINC01116 with two protein-coding genes, ELK3 and HOXD8. Interestingly, LINC01116 was mainly a cytoplasmic lncRNA in BCa cells, and it could modulate ELK3 and HOXD8 at post-transcriptional level. Mechanically, LINC01116 increased the expression of ELK3 by adsorbing miR-3612, and also stabilized HOXD8 mRNA by binding with DKC1. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that the restraining influence of LINC01116 knockdown on the progression of BCa, was partly rescued by ELK3 promotion, but absolutely reversed by the co-enhancement of ELK3 and HOXD8. More intriguingly, HOXD8 acted as a transcription factor to activate LINC01116 in BCa. In conclusion, HOXD8-enhanced LINC01116 contributes to the progression of BCa via targeting ELK3 and HOXD8, which might provide new targets for treating patients with BCa.

scholarly journals RNA sequencing analysis of altered expression of long noncoding RNAs associated with Schistosoma japonicum infection in the murine liver and spleen

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqi Xia ◽  
Bikash Ranjan Giri ◽  
Jingyi Liu ◽  
Pengfei Du ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Schistosoma Japonicum ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Protein Coding Genes

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a chronic, debilitating infectious disease caused by members of the genus Schistosoma. Previous findings have suggested a relationship between infection with Schistosoma spp. and alterations in the liver and spleen of infected animals. Recent reports have shown the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), in different biological processes. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in the mouse liver and spleen during Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods In this study, we identified and investigated lncRNAs using standard RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The biological functions of the altered expression of lncRNAs and their target genes were predicted using bioinformatics. Ten dysregulated lncRNAs were selected randomly and validated in reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments. Results Our study identified 29,845 and 33,788 lncRNAs from the liver and spleen, respectively, of which 212 were novel lncRNAs. We observed that 759 and 789 of the lncRNAs were differentially expressed in the respective organs. The RT-qPCR results correlated well with the sequencing data. In the liver, 657 differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted to target 2548 protein-coding genes, whereas in the spleen 660 differentially expressed lncRNAs were predicted to target 2673 protein-coding genes. Moreover, functional annotation showed that the target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs were associated with cellular processes, metabolic processes, and binding, and were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways, the cell cycle, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and pathways in cancer. Conclusions Our study showed that numerous lncRNAs were differentially expressed in S. japonicum-infected liver and spleen compared to control liver and spleen; this suggested that lncRNAs may be involved in pathogenesis in the liver and spleen during S. japonicum infection.

scholarly journals B Vitamins and One-Carbon Metabolism: Implications in Human Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lyon ◽  
Victoria Strippoli ◽  
Byron Fang ◽  
Luisa Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
One Carbon Metabolism

Vitamins B9 (folate) and B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins that play a crucial role in the maintenance of one-carbon metabolism: a set of interconnected biochemical pathways driven by folate and methionine to generate methyl groups for use in DNA synthesis, amino acid homeostasis, antioxidant generation, and epigenetic regulation. Dietary deficiencies in B9 and B12, or genetic polymorphisms that influence the activity of enzymes involved in the folate or methionine cycles, are known to cause developmental defects, impair cognitive function, or block normal blood production. Nutritional deficiencies have historically been treated with dietary supplementation or high-dose parenteral administration that can reverse symptoms in the majority of cases. Elevated levels of these vitamins have more recently been shown to correlate with immune dysfunction, cancer, and increased mortality. Therapies that specifically target one-carbon metabolism are therefore currently being explored for the treatment of immune disorders and cancer. In this review, we will highlight recent studies aimed at elucidating the role of folate, B12, and methionine in one-carbon metabolism during normal cellular processes and in the context of disease progression.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Greco ◽  
A. Madè ◽  
C. Gaetano ◽  
Y. Devaux ◽  
C. Emanueli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Acute Myocardial Injury

Abstract COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory, many patients also display acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Understanding both direct and indirect damage caused to the heart and the vascular system by SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary to identify optimal clinical care strategies. The homeostasis of the cardiovascular system requires a tight regulation of the gene expression, which is controlled by multiple types of RNA molecules, including RNA encoding proteins (messenger RNAs) (mRNAs) and those lacking protein-coding potential, the noncoding-RNAs. In the last few years, dysregulation of noncoding-RNAs has emerged as a crucial component in the pathophysiology of virtually all cardiovascular diseases. Here we will discuss the potential role of noncoding RNAs in COVID-19 disease mechanisms and their possible use as biomarkers of clinical use.

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