scholarly journals Universality and diversity in human song

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6468) ◽  
pp. eaax0868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Mehr ◽  
Manvir Singh ◽  
Dean Knox ◽  
Daniel M. Ketter ◽  
Daniel Pickens-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Infant Care ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Healing Dance ◽  
Musical Behavior ◽  
Listener Ratings

What is universal about music, and what varies? We built a corpus of ethnographic text on musical behavior from a representative sample of the world’s societies, as well as a discography of audio recordings. The ethnographic corpus reveals that music (including songs with words) appears in every society observed; that music varies along three dimensions (formality, arousal, religiosity), more within societies than across them; and that music is associated with certain behavioral contexts such as infant care, healing, dance, and love. The discography—analyzed through machine summaries, amateur and expert listener ratings, and manual transcriptions—reveals that acoustic features of songs predict their primary behavioral context; that tonality is widespread, perhaps universal; that music varies in rhythmic and melodic complexity; and that elements of melodies and rhythms found worldwide follow power laws.

scholarly journals Universality and diversity in human song

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A Mehr ◽  
Manvir Singh ◽  
Dean Knox ◽  
Daniel Ketter ◽  
Daniel Pickens-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Computational Social Science ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Behavioral Function ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Healing Dance ◽  
Musical Behavior

What is universal about music across human societies, and what varies? We built a corpus of ethnographic text on musical behavior from a representative sample of the world’s societies and a discography of audio recordings of the music itself. The ethnographic corpus reveals that music appears in every society observed; that variation in musical behavior is well-characterized by three dimensions, which capture the formality, arousal, and religiosity of song events; that musical behavior varies more within societies than across societies on these dimensions; and that music is regularly associated with behavioral contexts such as infant care, healing, dance, and love. The discography, analyzed through four representations (machine summaries, listener ratings, expert annotations, expert transcriptions), revealed that identifiable acoustic features of songs predict their primary behavioral function worldwide, and that these features fall along two dimensions, melodic and rhythmic complexity. These analyses show how applying the tools of computational social science to rich bodies of humanistic data can reveal both universal features and patterns of variability in culture, addressing longstanding debates about each.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Evaluation of Remuneration Justice

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Marta Juchnowicz ◽  
Hanna Kinowska
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Fair Compensation ◽  
The Relationship

Although the large body of literature suggests the importance of fair compensation, the understanding of the nature of remuneration justice remains limited. The paper fills the gap by combining the three streams in the research: diversified definitions of justice in management sciences, philosophy and ethics, theory of organizational justice and research on employee engagement. Based on theoretical assumptions, a remuneration justice as-sessment model was developed. The evaluation of the remuneration fairness depends on three dimensions: perception of the features of the remuneration system, employees’ convictions regarding the legitimacy of pay differentiation and work needs. The hypothe-sised model was tested on a representative sample of 1,067 working Poles. This research has used SEM-PLS approach including exploratory factor analysis. The find-ings carry theoretical implications, since they extend the research and refine the essence of remuneration justice. From a practical perspective, the relationship between the three predictors – system, beliefs and needs – provide a proof on how remuneration justice is composed and how it could be developed.

Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey on a Representative Sample of Dominican Teachers: Normative Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Tomás ◽  
Saturnino de los Santos ◽  
Alicia Alonso-Andres ◽  
Irene Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
General Survey ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Caribbean Spanish ◽  
Competing Models

AbstractBurnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment (Bakke, Demerouti, & Sanz-Vergel, 2014). Several instruments for its measurement exist, but the most widely used scale for measuring its dimensions, by far, is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in its different versions. Among the available versions of the scale, the MBI-General Survey was developed to measure three dimensions of burnout (cynicism, personal accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion) regardless of the type of work. The aim of this research is to offer evidence on the psychometric properties of the MBI-GS for its use in the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, using representative sample of Dominican teachers. The factorial validity was studied through confirmatory factor analysis. Several competing models were proved in order to test the dimensionality of the scale. The confirmatory analyses shown that the original three-factor structure had a superior fit, but item eleven was removed in order to get an excellent fit χ2(87) = 211.19, p < .001, CFI = .98, RMSEA = .038 90% CI [.032–.045]. Regarding internal consistency, the CRI´s are well above the cut-off criteria of .7 (CRI’s ranged from .74 to .86). Concerning criterion-related validity, the three factors were correlated in the expected direction. Professional efficacy, a dimension of burnout measured in the opposite direction, was positively correlated with the three factors of work engagement, also as expected. This version was found to be a psychometrically sound measure of the three core dimensions of burnout.

scholarly journals ICT op de werkplek: het openen van de 'black box'

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Steijn ◽  
Kea Tijdens
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Ict Use ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Production Concept

ICT-use at work: opening the black-box ICT-use at work: opening the black-box This article analyses the use of ICT at work. As this use is widespread nowadays, it makes sense to differentiate between complexity, diversity and intensity of ICT use at work. Using a representative sample of the labour force in the Netherlands, our analyses suggest that this is indeed a sensible distinction. We have investigated how workplace and individual characteristics relate to these three dimensions. The results show that both individual as job as organizational characteristics are determining ICT use. The extent of this, as well as the exact effects, however, vary across dimensions. Of importance is further that variables that can be manipulated by the organization (such as HRM practices and the production concept) are also associated with these dimensions of ICT use. For organisations, this suggests a way to influence the computer use of their employees.

scholarly journals Children infer the behavioral contexts of unfamiliar foreign songs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney B. Hilton ◽  
Liam Crowley ◽  
Ran Yan ◽  
Alia Martin ◽  
Samuel A Mehr
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Musical Form ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Minimal Improvement ◽  
And Function ◽  
Healing Songs

Humans readily make inferences about the behavioral context of the music they hear. These inferences tend to be accurate, even if the songs are in foreign languages or unfamiliar musical idioms: upon hearing a Blackfoot lullaby, a Korean listener with no experience of Blackfoot music, language, or broader culture is far more likely to judge the music’s function as “to soothe a baby” than as “for dancing”. Are such inferences shaped by musical exposure or does the human mind naturally detect certain links between musical form and function? Children’s developing experiences with music provide a clear test of this question. We studied musical inferences in a large sample of children (𝑁 = 2,418), who heard dance, lullaby, and healing songs from 70 world cultures and were tasked with guessing the original behavioral context in which each was performed. We found little evidence for the effect of experience on musical inferences: children reliably inferred the original behavioral contexts of unfamiliar foreign songs, with only minimal improvement in performance from the youngest (age 3 or younger) to the oldest (age 12) participants. Children’s inferences tightly correlated with those of adults for the same songs, as collected from a similar massive online experiment (𝑁 = 85,068). Moreover, the same acoustic features explained variability in both children’s and adults’ inferences. These findings imply that accurate inferences about the behavioral contexts of music, driven by links between form and function in music across cultures, do not require extensive musical experience.

scholarly journals Perception of isolated chords: Examining frequency of occurrence, instrumental timbre, acoustic descriptors and musical training

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Arthurs ◽  
Amy V. Beeston ◽  
Renee Timmers
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Tonal Hierarchy ◽  
Listener Ratings

This study investigated the perception of isolated chords using a combination of experimental manipulation and exploratory analysis. Twelve types of chord (five triads and seven tetrads) were presented in two instrumental timbres (piano and organ) to listeners who rated the chords for consonance, pleasantness, stability and relaxation. Listener ratings varied by chord, by timbre, and according to musical expertise, and revealed that musicians distinguished consonance from the other variables in a way that other listeners did not. To further explain the data, a principal component analysis and linear regression examined three potential predictors of the listener ratings. First, each chord’s frequency of occurrence was obtained by counting its appearances in selected works of music. Second, listeners rated their familiarity with the instrumental timbre in which the chord was played. Third, chords were described using a set of acoustic features derived using the Timbre Toolbox and MIR Toolbox. Results of the study indicated that listeners’ ratings of both consonance and stability were influenced by the degree of musical training and knowledge of tonal hierarchy. Listeners’ ratings of pleasantness and relaxation, on the other hand, depended more on the instrumental timbre and other acoustic descriptions of the chord.

Audio Classification and Retrieval Using Wavelets and Gaussian Mixture Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Hua Chuan
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Models ◽  
Gaussian Mixture Models ◽  
Expectation Maximization Algorithm ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Audio Classification ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Female Speech

This paper presents an audio classification and retrieval system using wavelets for extracting low-level acoustic features. The author performed multiple-level decomposition using discrete wavelet transform to extract acoustic features from audio recordings at different scales and times. The extracted features are then translated into a compact vector representation. Gaussian mixture models with expectation maximization algorithm are used to build models for audio classes and individual audio examples. The system is evaluated using three audio classification tasks: speech/music, male/female speech, and music genre. They also show how wavelets and Gaussian mixture models are used for class-based audio retrieval in two approaches: indexing using only wavelets versus indexing by Gaussian components. By evaluating the system through 10-fold cross-validation, the author shows the promising capability of wavelets and Gaussian mixture models for audio classification and retrieval. They also compare how parameters including frame size, wavelet level, Gaussian components, and sampling size affect performance in Gaussian models.

scholarly journals Political Deepfake Videos Misinform the Public, But No More than Other Fake Media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soubhik Barari ◽  
Christopher Lucas ◽  
Kevin Munger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Public ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Nationally Representative

We demonstrate that political misinformation in the form of videos synthesized by deep learning ("deepfakes") can convince the American public of scandals that never occurred at alarming rates -- nearly 50% of a representative sample -- but no more so than equivalent misinformation conveyed through existing news formats like textual headlines or audio recordings. Similarly, we confirm that motivated reasoning about the deepfake target's identity (e.g., partisanship or gender) plays a key role in facilitating persuasion, but, again, no more so than via existing news formats. In fact, when asked to discern real videos from deepfakes, partisan motivated reasoning explains a massive gap in viewers' detection accuracy, but only for real videos, not deepfakes. Our findings come from a nationally representative sample of 5,750 subjects' participation in two news feed experiments with exposure to a novel collection of realistic deepfakes created in collaboration with industry partners. Finally, a series of randomized interventions reveal that brief but specific informational treatments about deepfakes only sometimes attenuate deepfakes' effects and in relatively small scale. Above all else, broad literacy in politics and digital technology most strongly increases discernment between deepfakes and authentic videos of political elites.

High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) of mitochondria from various rat tissues

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
P.J. Lea ◽  
M.J. Hollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Scanning Electron

Our current understanding of mitochondrial ultrastructure has been derived primarily from thin sections using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This information has been extrapolated into three dimensions by artist's impressions (1) or serial sectioning techniques in combination with computer processing (2). The resolution of serial reconstruction methods is limited by section thickness whereas artist's impressions have obvious disadvantages.In contrast, the new techniques of HRSEM used in this study (3) offer the opportunity to view simultaneously both the internal and external structure of mitochondria directly in three dimensions and in detail.The tridimensional ultrastructure of mitochondria from rat hepatocytes, retinal (retinal pigment epithelium), renal (proximal convoluted tubule) and adrenal cortex cells were studied by HRSEM. The specimens were prepared by aldehyde-osmium fixation in combination with freeze cleavage followed by partial extraction of cytosol with a weak solution of osmium tetroxide (4). The specimens were examined with a Hitachi S-570 scanning electron microscope, resolution better than 30 nm, where the secondary electron detector is located in the column directly above the specimen inserted within the objective lens.

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