The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6416) ◽  
pp. 776-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Gentile ◽  
Tiffany L. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Human Physiology ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Diet affects multiple facets of human health and is inextricably linked to chronic metabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Dietary nutrients are essential not only for human health but also for the health and survival of the trillions of microbes that reside within the human intestines. Diet is a key component of the relationship between humans and their microbial residents; gut microbes use ingested nutrients for fundamental biological processes, and the metabolic outputs of those processes may have important impacts on human physiology. Studies in humans and animal models are beginning to unravel the underpinnings of this relationship, and increasing evidence suggests that it may underlie some of the broader effects of diet on human health and disease.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Dietary Habits, Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels among People without Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes; The ATTICA Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos ◽  
Natalia Tzima ◽  
Christos Pitsavos ◽  
Christina Chrysohoou ◽  
Emilia Papakonstantinou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Increased serum calcium levels are associated with carotid atherosclerotic plaque in normocalcaemic individuals with type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204201882199536
Author(s):  
Huijing Zhu ◽  
Huili Wang ◽  
Yuqing Jia ◽  
Lin Cheng ◽  
Xingbo Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Carotid Ultrasonography ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although previous data have suggested that serum calcium levels could be involved in T2DM and cardiovascular disease, whether this applies in T2DM patients with atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between serum calcium levels within the physiological ranges and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 594 normocalcaemic in-patients with T2DM were recruited, of whom 231 had carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Serum calcium levels were measured and carotid ultrasonography was performed. Results: Patients with plaque had significantly higher serum albumin-corrected calcium than those without plaque [9.02 (8.78–9.34) mg/dL versus 8.86 (8.66–9.06) mg/dL, p < 0.001]. As serum albumin-corrected calcium levels increased across tertiles, the percentage of plaque increased (27.6%, 35.5%, and 55.7%; p < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that serum albumin-corrected calcium levels were independently and positively correlated with the presence of plaque, but not parathyroid hormone levels. Compared with patients in the lowest serum calcium tertiles, the odds ratio for plaque in patients in the upper quartile was 2.47 (95% confidence interval 1.51–4.03, p < 0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusion: Serum albumin-corrected calcium levels are elevated in patients with T2DM and carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Fasting and Postprandial Glucose Levels and the Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yui Mineshita ◽  
Hiroyuki Sasaki ◽  
Hyeon-ki Kim ◽  
Shigenobu Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Abstract Postprandial hyperglycemia increases the risk of mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are known to be correlated. Currently, fasting blood glucose is the primary index for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes; however, postprandial blood glucose is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and mortality. Therefore, the dynamic change in blood glucose levels under free-living conditions is considered an important and better marker than fasting glucose levels, to study the relationship between glucose levels and microbiota. Here, we investigated the relationship between fasting and postprandial glucose levels and microbiota under free-living conditions, for one week in the older adults. The results revealed a significant correlation between peak glucose levels after dinner and the gut bacteria, particularly, Bacteroides, Clostridiales Clostridiaceae group, Anaerostipes, Clostridiales [Mogibacteriaceae] group, Holdemania, and Bilophila. Together, these findings suggest that the glucose levels after dinner are a better predictor of microbiota conditions than fasting glucose levels.

scholarly journals The “Common Soil Hypothesis” Revisited—Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Lilian Fernandes Silva ◽  
Jagadish Vangipurapu ◽  
Markku Laakso
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

The prevalence and the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), representing >90% of all cases of diabetes, are increasing rapidly worldwide. Identification of individuals at high risk of developing diabetes is of great importance, as early interventions might delay or even prevent full-blown disease. T2D is a complex disease caused by multiple genetic variants in interaction with lifestyle and environmental factors. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying in CVD events is still largely missing. Several risk factors are shared between T2D and CVD, including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. CVD can precede the development of T2D, and T2D is a major risk factor for CVD, suggesting that both conditions have common genetic and environmental antecedents and that they share “common soil”. We analyzed the relationship between the risk factors for T2D and CVD based on genetics and population-based studies with emphasis on Mendelian randomization studies.

scholarly journals The All of Us Research Program: data quality, utility, and diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea H. Ramirez ◽  
Lina Sulieman ◽  
David J. Schlueter ◽  
Alese Halvorson ◽  
Jun Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Data Depth ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Data Release

AbstractImportanceThe All of Us Research Program hypothesizes that accruing one million or more diverse participants engaged in a longitudinal research cohort will advance precision medicine and ultimately improve human health. Launched nationally in 2018, to date All of Us has recruited more than 345,000 participants. All of Us plans to open beta access to researchers in May 2020.ObjectiveTo demonstrate the quality, utility, and diversity of the All of Us Research Program’s initial data release and beta launch of the cloud-based analysis platform, the cloud-based Researcher Workbench.EvidenceWe analyzed the initial All of Us data release, comprising surveys, physical measurements (PM), and electronic health record (EHR) data, to characterize All of Us participants including self-reported descriptors of diversity. Data depth, density, and quality were evaluated using medication sequencing analyses for depression and type 2 diabetes. Replication of known oncologic associations with smoking exposure ascertained by EHR and survey data and calculation of population-based atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores demonstrated the utility of data and platform capability.FindingsThe beta launch of the All of Us Researcher Workbench contains data on 224,143 participants. Seventy-seven percent of this cohort were identified as Underrepresented in Biomedical Research (UBR) including over forty-eight percent self-reporting non-White race. Medication usage patterns in common diseases depression and type 2 diabetes replicated prior findings previously reported in the literature and showed differences based on race. Oncologic associations with smoking were replicated and effect sizes compared for EHR and survey exposures finding general agreement. A cardiovascular disease score was calculated utilizing multiple data elements curated across sources. The cloud-based architecture built in the Researcher Workbench provided secure access and powerful computational resources at a low cost. All analyses have been made available for replication and reuse by registered researchers.Conclusions and RelevanceThe All of Us Research Program’s initial release of cohort data contains longitudinal and multidimensional data on diverse participants that replicate known associations. This dataset and the cloud-based Researcher Workbench advance the mission of All of Us to make data widely and securely available to researchers to improve human health and advance precision medicine.

scholarly journals Natural Fruit Sugars and Human Health: A Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Incident Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
The Relationship

Natural fruits and fruit juices are sources of many essential nutrients and provide nutritional value for human health. Fruit juices also contains antioxidants predominantly polyphenols, oligosaccharides, fiber and nitrate, which are very useful for human health may induce a prebiotic-like effect. Many research articles recently reported that consumption of large quantity of natural fruits and fruit juices containing glucose, sucrose and fructose which might counteract the health benefits. Commonly reported health risks are CVD (Cardiovascular diseases), obesity, Diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Cancer, and Liver Disease. Thus this article summarizes the effect of intake of natural sugars on nutrition and human health. The consumption of sugars and its relation to health issues are the subjects of considerable debate and controversy. Several prospective studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between fruit juice intake and risk of incident type 2 diabetes, but results have been mixed. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the association between fruit juice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.

Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Dalal Y Al-Bazz ◽  
John PH Wilding
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cardiovascular disease, heart failure (HF) and Type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is widely recognized. Cardiovascular (CV) outcome trials are required for all new glucose-lowering agents to confirm safety with respect to CV risk. CV outcome trials with SGLT2i inhibitors have shown CV benefit, with reductions in major CV events and HF. This review focuses on the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial with dapagliflozin in T2DM, which showed noninferiority for major adverse cardiovascular events and reduction in hospitalization for HF and associated CV mortality in a broad range of patients with T2DM. The DAPA-HF trial of dapagliflozin in people with HF with reduced ejection fraction with and without T2DM confirms benefits for those with HF.

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